Nanosecond pulse generator with avalanche transistors in series
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摘要: 雪崩三极管因其快速性、高重复频率等特点被广泛应用于纳秒脉冲发生器。为了提高输出电压，常采用多管串联Marx电路。采用二极管代替传统多管串联Marx电路中的部分限流电阻以减少能量损耗，加快充电速度，提高重复频率，并分析了主电容和限流电阻对输出脉冲幅值和频率的影响。通过雪崩三极管的单管击穿实验，单个三极管的导通内阻最小约为2.5 Ω，多管串联Marx电路中的等效内阻使负载侧的输出电压降低，故采用多路Marx并联电路以提高输出电压幅值。通过改变Marx并联模块数量，研究了电路等效内阻对输出脉冲的影响；通过改变负载电阻值，验证了Marx并联电路在小负载下升压效果更佳。实验结果表明，通过相同的4路Marx并联电路进行放电实验，在50 Ω负载侧输出上升沿为3.4 ns、幅值为2.5 kV、可在15 kHz下稳定工作的脉冲。Abstract: Avalanche transistors have been widely used in nanosecond pulse generators because of their short rise time, high-frequency and other characteristics. In order to increase the output voltage amplitude, Marx circuits based on cascaded switches are often used. In this paper, diodes were used to replace some current-limiting resistors in traditional Marx circuits based on cascaded switches to reduce the energy loss, to speed up the charging speed, and to increase the repetitive frequency. The influences of capacitance and the current limiting resistor on the output voltage amplitude and frequency are analyzed. By testing the breakdown of a single BJT, the minimum on-resistance of the single BJT was calculated to be about 2.5 Ω, and the equivalent internal resistance of the Marx circuit based on cascaded switches reduced the output voltage amplitude over the load, hence multiple Marx circuits in parallel were used to increase the output voltage amplitude. By changing the number of Marx parallel modules, the influence of the equivalent internal resistance of the circuit on the output pulse was studied. By changing the load resistance, it is verified that the Marx circuit in parallel had a better boosting effect over low-resistance loads. The experiments show that, nanosecond pluses with rise time of 3.4 ns, amplitude of 2.5 kV and repetitive frequency of 15 kHz were obtained over a 50 Ω load with four Marx circuits in parallel.
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Key words:
- avalanche transistor /
- nanosecond pulse /
- Marx
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图 1 雪崩三极管的4管串联5级Marx传统电路
Figure 1. Schematic of the avalanche transistor-based 4-in-series 5-stage traditional Marx circuit
图 2 雪崩三极管的4管串联5级Marx改进电路
Figure 2. Schematic of the avalanche transistor-based 4-in-series 5-stage improved Marx circuit
图 3 不同电容量下电压幅值和工作频率的关系
Figure 3. Relationship between voltage amplitude and frequency under different capacitances
图 4 不同限流电阻下电压幅值和工作频率的关系
Figure 4. Relationship between voltage amplitude and frequency with different current-limiting resistors
图 5 典型单管电路输出电压UO及三极管动态阻抗波形
Figure 5. Output waveform of the typical single-transistor circuit and the dynamic resistance of the transistor
图 6 雪崩三极管导通时Marx电路的等效电路图
Figure 6. Equivalent circuit of a Marx circuit based on avalanche transistor
图 7 雪崩三极管导通时4路Marx电路的等效电路图
Figure 7. Equivalent circuit of four Marx circuits in parallel based on avalanche transistors
图 8 多路4管串联5级Marx电路的原理图
Figure 8. Schematic of multi circuits in parallel using 4-in-series 5-stage Marx circuits
图 9 50 Ω负载—不同模块数量下的脉冲输出波形
Figure 9. Output waveforms over a 50 Ω resistive load with different number of modules
图 10 4路Marx-不同负载电阻下的脉冲输出波形
Figure 10. Output waveform of four Marx circuits in parallel under different load resistances
图 11 4路Marx 50 Ω负载下重复频率15 kHz的输出波形
Figure 11. Output waveforms of four Marx circuits in parallel over a 50 Ω resistive load under the frequency of 15 kHz
表 1 雪崩三极管(C1815)的参数
Table 1. Parameters of the avalanche transistor C1815
VCBO/V VCEO/V VEBO/V ICM/A 60 50 5 0.15 
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表 2 50 Ω负载—不同模块数量下输出脉冲的性能参数
Table 2. Parameters of output pulse under different number of modules over a 50 Ω resistive load
N tf/ns tr/ns Vm/V Pmax/kW rm/Ω Δr/% 1 2.2 90.8 1476 43.6 65.2 30.4 2 2.3 146.5 1936 75.0 37.8 51.2 3 2.9 201.3 2228 99.3 26.3 57.8 4 3.4 260.7 2512 126.2 17.7 41.6
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表 3 4路Marx—不同负载电阻下输出脉冲的性能参数
Table 3. Parameters of output pulse of four Marx circuits in parallel under different load resistances
RL/Ω tf/ns tr/ns Vm/V Pmax/kW 25 3.2 150.9 1904 145.0 50 3.4 260.7 2512 126.2 75 3.5 396.0 2792 103.9 100 3.5 516.7 2944 86.7
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表 4 50 Ω负载—不同模块数量下脉冲发生器效率对比
Table 4. Efficiency of pulse generators under different number of modules over a 50 Ω resistive load
N Iam/A PO/mW EC/mJ ηE/% 1 29.5 4.3 2.3 37.4 2 19.4 8.7 2.3 37.8 3 14.9 13.6 2.3 39.4 4 12.6 17.5 2.3 38.0
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