Comparison and analysis of the electromagnetic radiation, ionizing radiation and other physical technologies for disinfection and sterilization
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摘要:
消毒灭菌技术广泛应用于食品工业、医疗领域、水处理等方面。相对于传统化学和热效应的消毒灭菌方法，γ射线、X射线、电子束、微波、低温等离子体、紫外线、高压脉冲电场等物理手段具有不污染环境、消毒灭菌温度低、没有化学残留物等优点而日益受到重视。但这些物理技术手段各有不同，本文首先介绍了γ射线、X射线、电子束、微波、低温等离子体、紫外线、高压脉冲电场等消毒灭菌的技术原理，然后对比了各自优缺点和应用领域。每种方法都有优势和不足，应针对不同的消毒灭菌对象而选择不同的方式。最后，展望了消毒灭菌的发展方向，提出了消毒灭菌在家庭日常消毒、医疗垃圾处理、有人状态下的室内空气消毒等方面的迫切需求。
Abstract:Disinfection and sterilization technologies are of great significance in the food industry, medical field and water treatment, et al. Compared with traditional chemical and thermal methods, physical disinfection and sterilization approaches such as γ-rays, X-rays, electron beams, microwaves, low-temperature plasmas, ultraviolet rays and high-voltage pulsed electric fields have the advantages of no environmental pollution, low sterilization temperatures, no chemical residues, and so on. These physical disinfection and sterilization approaches are getting increasing concerns because of unique advantages. In this paper, the mechanisms of present physical disinfection and sterilization technics were summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of these physical means as well as their application areas are reviewed. Based on the superiorities and drawbacks of each method, different approaches should be adopted for the disinfection and sterilization of specific objects. Moreover, this paper highlights the trends on development of physical disinfection and sterilization approaches and proposes the extensive demands of the physical approaches on various aspects of our life.
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图 1 用于辐照的集成电子束源[14]
Figure 1. Source of e-beam. Beams are extracted into a chamber for irradiation
表 1 各种物理消毒灭菌方法性能比较
Table 1. Performance comparison of various irradiation sterilization methods
γ射线 X射线 高能电子束 重频低能电子束 微波 低温等离子体 紫外线 高压脉冲电场 产生方式 放射性核素60Co或137Cs源（以60Co源为主） X光机或在电子加速器上安装转换靶 高能电子加速器 高重频低能电子发生器（如SINUS-320） 微波电子管（常用磁控管和速调管） 介质阻挡放电或大气压下的等离子体射流 一般采用紫外线灯 高压脉冲电源（矩形波、指数衰减波、振荡波） 成本 建造和废料处理成本高 成本较高 成本较高 成本相对较低，可移动或集成到生
产线较低 较低 低廉 操作维护成本低 穿透能力 强 强 较弱 较弱 较强，但可能存在冷热点 弱 弱 能穿透两电极之间区域 对人体危害及防护 连续产生γ射线，对人体有危害，防护要求高 X射线的产生可控，设备在运行时防护要求高 可以通过开关控制电子束的产生，设备在运行时防护要求较高 对人体有一定危害，需要进行防护 需进行适当防护，切断电源后活性粒子很快消失 对皮肤有损害，空气消毒应在无人状态进行 对人体危害较小 其他 若废料处理不当容易造成泄漏；需要不断补充
新源会对高分子材料造成损坏，对高分子材料消毒前需考察材料的抗辐照老化性能 热效应和非热效应共同作用 主要是紫外线和活性粒子的灭菌作用 处理时间很短；需控制工作场强，防止介质击穿 
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表 2 各种物理消毒灭菌方法适用领域
Table 2. Applications of various irradiation sterilization methods
γ射线、X射线 电子束 微波 低温等离子体 紫外线 高压脉冲电场 食品消毒灭菌 √（用于大包装物品） √ √ √（食品表面、液体食品） √ 水净化处理 √ √ √（新兴） √（常用） √（新兴） 医疗器械消毒灭菌 √ √ 医疗垃圾处理 √ √ 药物消毒灭菌 √ √ 物品表面处理 √ √ 空气消毒 √（新兴） √（常用）
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