Research progress on evolution phenomena and mechanisms of repetitively pulsed streamer discharge
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摘要: 重复频率脉冲流注放电是低温等离子体前沿应用的关键使能因子，然而，高重复频率脉冲作用下流注放电呈现复杂的不稳定和记忆效应现象，放电基础演变机理和调控方法尚不完善，极大影响应用的安全性和放电特性调控的有效性。综述了重复频率脉冲流注放电演变现象与机制的研究进展。首先归纳了重复频率脉冲流注放电的强非线性和渐进式演变特征，然后分析不同类型放电记忆效应因子对后续流注起始和传播的作用机制，最后总结了脉冲波形参数对重复频率脉冲流注放电的影响规律。凝练了重复频率脉冲流注放电演变机制研究的若干挑战，对脉冲放电等离子体机理研究具有一定的借鉴作用。Abstract: The repetitively pulsed streamer discharge is a critical enabling factor in many advanced low-temperature plasma applications. However, the streamer discharge exhibits complex instabilities and memory effect phenomena under high-frequency repetitive pulses. Fundamental discharge evolution mechanisms and regulation methods are not thoroughly understood, which significantly affects the application safety and regulation efficiency of discharge properties. In this paper, evolution phenomena and mechanisms of repetitively pulsed streamer discharge are reviewed, strong nonlinearity and progressive evolution features are summarized for repetitively pulsed streamer discharge, different memory effect agents and their influential mechanisms on initiation and propagation of subsequent streamers are discussed, effects of pulse waveform parameters on repetitively pulsed streamer discharge are outlined, and several research challenges are proposed regarding evolution mechanisms of repetitively pulsed streamer discharge, which would be helpful for revealing mechanisms of pulsed discharge plasmas.
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Key words:
- pulsed discharge /
- repetitive frequency /
- streamer /
- memory effect /
- discharge evolution
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图 5 脉冲间隔时间对正流注通道变化的影响（空气13.3 kPa、幅值13.6 kV、脉宽200 ns）[18]。图中为两次流注放电图像的叠加，首次流注独有区域为蓝色，第二次流注独有区域为黄色，两次流注重叠部分为白色
Figure 5. Effect of the pulse delay time on variations of positive streamer channels (gas pressure: 13.3 kPa, voltage amplitude: 13.6 kV, pulse width: 200 ns). Images were created by superimposing two streamer discharge channels. Areas that only emitted during the first pulse are blue, areas that only emitted during the second pulse are yellow, and areas that emitted during both two pulses are white
图 7 正流注与“电子-离子云”相互作用过程
Figure 7. The electron density and electric field distribution: electron-ion plasma cloud interacting with the streamer
图 12 重复频率亚微秒脉冲氮气流注放电通道的演变趋势（气压：0.2 MPa）
Figure 12. Evolution tendency of repetitively sub-microsecond pulsed streamer channel in N2 (gas pressure: 0.2 MPa)
表 1 重复频率脉冲气体间隙和气-固沿面放电中部分记忆效应因子类型、影响机制和衰减途径
Table 1. Memory effect agents, influence mechanism and decay path in gas and gas-solid surface discharge under repetitive pulses
memory effect memory effect agents typical examples major influential mechanisms decay processes volume memory effect （1）positive ions ${\rm{N}}_2^ + ,\;{\rm{N}}_4^ + ,\;{\rm{O}}_2^ + ,\;{\rm{O}}_4^ + $ (dependenton gas composition) （1）distort spatial E-field[39]
（2）possibly shield E-field cooperatively with negative ions[18]diffusion
/recombination
/drift（2）negative ions $ {\rm{O}}_2^ - ,\;{\rm{O}}_4^ - ,\;{\rm{SF}}_6^ - $, (dependenton gas composition) （1）distort spatial E-field
（2）possibly shield E-field cooperatively with positive ion [45]
（3）provide seed electrons through detachment process[41]diffusion
/recombination
/drift（3）electrons free electrons facilitate the initiation and guiding the propagation of next streamer (dependent on the spatial distribution) [18, 46] diffusion
/recombination
/attachment/drift
/‘clearing effect’（4）remaining conductivity remaining streamer channel of a certain conductivity inhibit the formation of a streamer (shielding effect on E-field)[18, 38] diffusion
/recombination
/drift（5）metastable and excited species N2(${{\rm{A}}^{\rm{3}}}\Sigma _{\rm{u}}^ + $), N(2D), (dependent on gas composition) （1）super elastic collisions[20, 34-35]
（2）extra energy gain[20, 34-35]
（3）reaction with dielectric[47-48]diffusion
/decay
/loss on wall（6）variation of gas density cylindrical shock wave nearly with the local sound speed （1）affect the distribution of memory effect agents
（2）affect the reduced E-field[37]gas kinetics （7）gas heat accumulation heat released from the discharge energy affect the reduced E-field[14] thermal diffusivity surface memory effect （1）surface trapped charges trapped holes and electrons （1）distort the surface E-field[49-50]
（2）guide volume charge carrier drift and motion
（3）released by disturbances and involved in the next streamer [33, 51, 52]detrapping
/surface conductivity
/surface hopping
/recombination（2）surface destructive aging carbonization and surface roughness （1）high surface conductivity[53, 54]
（2）facilitate the initiation and propagation of surface streamerroughly permanent （3）surface heat accumulation heat from discharge energy （1）surface property degradation [54-55]
（2）decrease local gas pressurethermal diffusivity 
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