Review of development of high energy pulsed X-ray accelerators for flash radiography
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摘要:
高能脉冲X射线闪光照相加速器在高性能爆轰流体动力学实验研究中具有重要应用，是牵引高功率脉冲技术发展的重大需求之一。综述了射频直线加速器、电子感应加速器、基于高压脉冲源和高功率二极管的强流脉冲功率加速器3大类、5种闪光照相加速器技术路线的主要特点、代表性装置，对比了几种技术路线的特点，展望了未来发展趋势：一是大力发展共轴多脉冲X射线分幅照相技术；二是采用全固态脉冲功率组件实现加速器紧凑化、小型化和可移动。
Abstract:Flash radiographic accelerators with high energy pulsed X-ray have important applications in hydrodynamic experiments, which is recognized as an important motivation to drive the development of the pulsed power technology. This paper reviews the advantages, typical facilities, and technical weaknesses of three kinds of flash X-ray radiographic accelerators, including the radio frequency linac, electron induction accelerator, and high-current accelerators driven by the high-voltage pulsed-power source and diodes. The technology trends for the future are summarized, as follows: (1) to develop accelerators capable of producing co-axial multi-pulse X-ray; (2) to develop compact, small and mobile accelerators by employing all-solid-state pulse power components.
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表 1 国际上典型LIA型闪光照相加速器的技术指标
Table 1. Technical specifications of typical LIA typed flash X-ray radiographic accelerators in the world
accelerator organization energy/
MeVcurrent/
kAFWHM time/
nsdose@1 m/
radspot size
50% MTF/mmFXR[1] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA 18 2.3～3.4 65 325～400 3.2～3.5 AIRIX[1] Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA, France 19 1.9～3.1 60 350 1.6～2.0 DARHT-I[1] Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA 20 3.0 60 550～650 1.9～2.1 XX-I [16-17] Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 20 3.5 70 ＞300 ＜2.0 DARHT-II[13-15] Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA 18 2.0 4×50 100/100/100/300 ＜2.3 XX-II [16-17] Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 20 3.5 3×70 ＞3×300 ＜2.0 
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表 2 基于Marx发生器和脉冲形成线技术的典型闪光照相加速器的技术指标[1, 3]
Table 2. Technical specifications of typical flash radiographic accelerators based on Marx generator and pulse forming line [1, 3]
accelerator organization energy/MeV current/kA FWHM time /ns dose@1 m/rad spot size 50% MTF/mm Mevex Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 0.8 35 50 1.2 ～2.7 Mini B Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 2.2 30 50 12 ～3.3 SuperSwarf Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 5.5 30 60 80 ～4.9 Mogul-D Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 7.0 30 80 220 ～4.9 Mogul-E Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 10.0 35 80 600 ～5.5
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表 3 国际上典型IVA型闪光照相加速器的技术指标
Table 3. Technical specifications of typical IVA flash radiographic accelerators in the world
accelerator organization energy/
MeVcurrent/
kAFWHM time/
nsdose@1 m/
radspot size
50% MTF/mmCygnus Sandia National Laboratory, USA 2.2 62 50 4.0 ～1.0 RITS-6 Sandia National Laboratory, USA 10 120 45 350 ＜1.8 HRF (under construction) Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK 14 140 60 600～1000 ～5 Jianguang-I Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, China 2.4 45 50 3.7 ～1.0 Jianguang-II Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, China 4.3 80 50 16 ＜2 Hawkeye-I Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 4.3 100 ～60 18 ＜2
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表 4 国际上典型LTD型闪光照相加速器的设计指标
Table 4. Design indexes of typical LTD typed flash radiographic accelerators in the world
accelerator organization energy/
MeVcurrent/
kAFWHM time/
nsdose@1 m/
radspot size
50% MTF/mmdual-axis 7 MeV conceptual design Sandia National Laboratory, USA 7.0 160 53 350 ～2 URSA Sandia National Laboratory, USA 2.5 58 53 2～3 ～2 IDERIX conceptual design Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA, France 8.0 120 — ＞100 ＜2 LTDR platform 10-stage
LTD in seriesCommissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA, France 1.0 ～170 — 3.4 ～4 3MV LTD conceptual design Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 3.0 ～75 — — — ten-stage LTD in series Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP, China 1.0 ～100 — — —
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表 5 几种典型闪光照相加速器技术路线比较
Table 5. Comparison of several typical flash radiographic accelerators
classifications accelerators advantages disadvantages RF linac RF linac compact, capable of
producing multi X-ray pulsesX-ray energy spectrum is very hard
and focal spot size is largeinduction accelerator Betatron compact, capable of
producing multi X-ray pulsesX-ray energy spectrum is very hard
and focal spot size is largeLIA high irradiation dose, small focal spot,
capability of producing multi X-ray pulsescomplexity, large volume, high cost high-voltage, high-current
pulse power acceleratorMarx+PFL high irradiation dose, small focal spot large time jitter of X-ray output, difficulty
to produce multi X-ray pulsesIVA high irradiation dose,
small focal spot, compact volumedifficult to produce multi X-ray pulses LTD small focal spot, very compact volume difficult to produce multi X-ray pulses
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