Longtime operation of S-band multi-beam relativistic klystron amplifier
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摘要: 为了实现高功率微波源低磁场及长时间稳定运行，开展了S波段GW级多注相对论速调管放大器（RKA）的理论模拟设计与实验研究。首先，采用一维大信号非线性理论软件优化设计了S波段4腔多注RKA，找到了器件工作的最佳参数：采用电压550 kV、束流4.7 kA的14注RKA，获得功率1.1 GW、效率43%的输出微波。随后，采用粒子模拟软件对理论设计的束波互作用参数进行了验证，获得了输出功率992 MW，器件效率为37%。最后，根据模拟参数开展了器件重频长时间运行实验研究。采用紧凑同轴Marx功率源驱动S波段四腔多注RKA，在电压530 kV、束流5.4 kA、重频20 Hz、运行时间1 s、引导磁场强度0.39 T、注入微波功率1.7 kW的条件下，获得了功率934 MW、脉宽69 ns的输出微波，束波转换效率33%。在器件重频20 Hz、运行时间10 min条件下，坚实了平均功率889 MW、平均脉宽42 ns的输出微波。该研究结果为S波段RKA的低磁场和长时间运行打下了的技术基础。Abstract: To realize a high power microwave source of longtime operation with a low guiding magnetic field, an S-band, GW level multi-beam relativistic klystron amplifier (RKA) has been investigated by means of theoretical modeling, numerical simulation and experiment. Firstly, a four-cavity multi-beam RKA was optimized with a one-dimension large signal code, and optimal working parameters are obtained. Under the conditions of 530 kV voltage, 4.7 kA current, and 14 beams, a 1.1 GW averaged microwave power with efficiency 43% was generated with the code. Subsequently, the beam-wave interaction parameters obtained from the code were verified with a PIC code, and a 992 MW output microwave power with efficiency 37% was obtained. At last, a long time operation experiment was conducted. In such an experiment, a 934 MW averaged microwave power with 69 ns pulse width and 33% efficiency was generated under the conditions of 530 kV voltage, 5.4 kA current, 20 Hz repetition frequency for 1 s, 0.39 T guiding magnetic field and 1.7 kW input microwave power. In addition, for the experiment of 20 Hz repetition frequency and 10 min operating time, a 889 MW averaged microwave power was obtained with 42 ns averaged pulse width. The investigation results make a strong foundation for the S-band RKAs of low guiding magnetic field and longtime operation.
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图 3 CST中4腔RKA仿真的输出微波波形(a)和速度分布图(b)
Figure 3. Output microwave waveform (a) and electron velocity (b) of four-cavity RKA simulation by CST
图 5 RKA不同连续工作时间的输出微波波形
Figure 5. Output microwave waveforms at different working time. C3-detected waveform, C4-radio frequency waveform
图 6 RKA重频20 Hz@10 min连续工作时最后一帧的输出微波波形
Figure 6. Last frame waveforms at 20 Hz@10 min. C3-detected waveform，C4-radio frequency waveform
表 1 各谐振腔的高频参数
Table 1. High frequency parameters of cavities
cavity gap
width/mm(R/Q)/
ΩM initialization
frequency/GHzinput cavity 14.0 13.2 0.886 2.875 idler cavity 1# 12.0 14.2 0.866 2.885 idler cavity 2# 13.5 15.2 0.865 2.908 output cavity 16.0 18.1 0.841 2.876 
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表 2 电压变化对电子束调制和器件效率的影响
Table 2. Voltage effects on electron beam modulation and device efficiency
voltage/kV modulation depth efficiency/% electron reversal (v/c) 520 1.10 42.6 −0.05 530 1.10 40.9 −0.08 540 1.10 42.9 0 550 1.09 43.6 0 560 1.07 42.0 −0.07 570 1.04 40.% −0.17 580 0.99 39.8 −0.03
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表 3 束流变化对电子束调制和器件效率的影响
Table 3. Current effects on electron beam modulation and device efficiency
current/A modulation depth (I1/Io) efficiency/% electron reversal (v/c) 278×14 0.98 37.0 0.25 298×14 1.04 40.0 −0.03 318×14 1.08 42.0 −0.04 338×14 1.09 43.6 0 358×14 1.09 42.0 −0.13 378×14 1.08 40.9 −0.12 398×14 1.07 43.5 −0.16
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表 4 4腔RKA高频系统参数与漂移管参数
Table 4. High frequency parameters and drifting tube parameter of four-cavity RKA
cavity gap width/mm oscillation frequency/GHz axial position/mm input cavity 14 2.88 0 idler cavity 1# 12 2.891 90 idler cavity 2# 13.5 2.936 180 output cavity 16 2.879 485
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