Measurement and simulation of terrestrial atmospheric neutron spectrum in typical regions of China
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摘要: 基于多球能谱仪开展了广州、兰州和拉萨等地区的大气中子能谱和通量测量，获取了大气中子能谱的典型特征。测量结果表明：不同地区的大气中子通量受海拔高度的影响明显，地面大气中子通量随着海拔的增加而增加。此外，基于蒙特卡罗仿真工具也可以模拟初级宇宙射线粒子在地球大气层中的核反应过程，从而计算获取大气中子能谱。大气中子能谱测量数据与仿真数据吻合良好。Abstract: Atmospheric neutrons can cause the single event effect (SEE) of integrated circuits, resulting in data loss or functional interrupt. The SEE failure rate caused by atmospheric neutrons depends on its flux, thus obtaining the atmospheric neutron flux is the premise of SEE failure rate assessment. In this paper, the atmospheric neutron energy spectra and fluxes in Guangzhou, Lanzhou and Lhasa are measured using the Bonner sphere spectrometers (BSS). Typical characteristics of atmospheric neutron spectrum are obtained. The measured results show that the atmospheric neutron flux in different areas is affected by the altitude, and the terrestrial atmospheric neutron flux increases with the altitude. In addition, the nuclear reaction process of primary cosmic ray particles in the earth’s atmosphere can also be simulated based on the Monte Carlo simulation tools, so as to calculate the atmospheric neutron spectrum. It shows that the measured data of atmospheric neutron spectra are in good agreement with the simulation data. These data can be used in quantitative evaluation of atmospheric neutron-induced SEE of integrated circuits.
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图 3 不同地区大气中子能谱测量结果
Figure 3. Measured atmospheric neutron spectra at different locations
图 4 基于EXPACS模型计算得到的实测地区的大气中子差分通量随能量的变化
Figure 4. Atmospheric neutron differential flux as a function of energy at different measurement sites calculated by EXPACS model
图 5 大气中子能谱计算结果与测量数据对比
Figure 5. Comparison between calculated results and measured data of atmospheric neutron spectrum
图 6 蒙特卡罗输运仿真中的大气层环境建模
Figure 6. Atmospheric environment modeling in Monte Carlo transport simulations
图 7 蒙特卡罗仿真中入射的初级银河宇宙射线粒子谱
Figure 7. Primary galaxy cosmic ray particle spectra used in Monte Carlo simulations
图 8 蒙特卡罗仿真得到不同海拔处的大气中子能谱
Figure 8. Atmospheric neutron spectra at different altitudes obtained by Monte Carlo simulations
图 9 实地测量、EXPACS模型计算以及蒙特卡罗仿真得到的广州地区大气中子能谱对比
Figure 9. Comparison of atmospheric neutron spectra obtained from field measurement, EXPACS model calculation and Monte Carlo simulation in Guangzhou
表 1 大气中子能谱测量点信息
Table 1. Location information of atmospheric neutron spectrum measurement
measurement location longitude latitude altitude/m Guangzhou 113°40′55″E 23°16′38″N 42 Lanzhou 103°15′36″E 35°50′40″N 1780 Lhasa 91°7′23″E 29°39′39″N 3634 Yangbajing 90°31′32″E 30°5′56″N 4277 
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表 2 级联反应过程中不同粒子与大气层原子发生非弹性相互作用的概率
Table 2. Probability of inelastic interaction between different particles and atmospheric atoms in cascade reaction process
particle types probability/% neutron 61.0 proton 18.6 4-helium 18.3 heavy ion 1.4 muon− 0.2 pion+，pion− 0.2
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表 3 非弹性相互作用中生成次级粒子的概率
Table 3. Generation probability of secondary particles in inelastic interactions
particle types probability/% neutron 31.6 proton 25.2 4-helium 19.2 photon 7.8 pion+，pion− 6.0 deuteron，triton 4.6
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