Electromagnetic environment effects of vehicle ignition pulses on shortwave radio receivers
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摘要: 为评估车辆点火脉冲对短波接收站电磁环境的影响，首先分析了车辆点火原理模型，并测试了小轿车、卡车两种典型车辆的点火脉冲生成的频域噪声；其次利用基于距量法的电磁计算软件对小轿车、卡车的点火脉冲等效天线与10 m单极子接收天线之间的传输效应进行了数值模拟与分析，获得传输损耗波动曲线。最后通过3辆汽车点火实测对乡村短波接收站的电磁环境影响进行了对比分析。仿真与实测结果表明：卡车点火脉冲辐射功率高于小轿车辐射功率14 dB；车辆点火脉冲等效天线相对于10 m单极子接收天线，在7.5 MHz传输损耗最小，相距30，100 m时传输损耗分别为24，32.2 dB；试验中，在30 m距离处，3辆小汽车点火脉冲对短波电磁环境的影响为抬高了低频段底噪1～2 dB，当距离增加到100 m以上时，已无明显影响。Abstract: To evaluate Electromagnetic Environment Effects (E3) of the vehicle ignition pulses on High Frequency Receiving Station (HFRS), a model of the vehicle ignition circuit has been analyzed, and frequency spectrums of the noises induced by a car and a truck at the moment of their engine being ignited were measured. Using the method-of-moments-based electromagnetic simulation tool, we have modeled the ignition-equivalent antennas by a car and a truck respectively and obtained their transmission loss fluctuation curves in the transmission path to a 10 m long monopole receiving antenna. In comparison, E3 of the engine ignition by two cars and a truck on HFRS in the countryside was measured. Simulation shows that the least transmission loss from the car and truck to the 10 m monopole antenna located 30 and 100 m away occurs at 7.5 MHz, which is 24 dB and 32.2 dB respectively. This measurement indicates that the emitting signal induced by the engine ignition of the truck is 14 dB higher than that of the car. In the distance of 30 m from the vehicle, the noise floor in the low frequency band is raised 1−2 dB. When the distance is increased to 100 m, the effect can be neglected.
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图 3 三个矩形脉冲信号时域波形与频谱图
Figure 3. Time domain waveforms and spectrums of three rectangular pulse signals
图 4 小汽车打火对单极子天线性能影响仿真模型
Figure 4. EM model of the effect of car ignition on the monopole antenna
图 5 车辆打火等效天线至10 m单极子天线的传输损耗
Figure 5. Transmission loss of the car ignition-equivalent antenna to 10 m monopole antenna
图 6 两辆小轿车点火等效天线模型与传输损耗
Figure 6. EM model of 2-car ignition-equivalent antenna and the transmission loss
图 7 大卡车等效天线输入阻抗及输入电抗
Figure 7. Input impedance and reactance of the truck ignition-equivalent antenna
图 8 大卡车等效天线方向图（xOy面）
Figure 8. Radiation pattern in x-y plane of the truck ignition-equivalent antenna
图 9 卡车打火等效天线至10 m单极子天线的传输损耗（50 m）
Figure 9. Transmission loss of the truck ignition-equivalent antenna to 10 m monopole antenna（in 50 m）
图 11 D点与E点噪声电平比较
Figure 11. Comparison of the spectrums with vehicle ignition at the location D and E
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