Design and experiment of open waveguide array antenna with high power and high efficiency
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摘要: 针对研究具有高功率容量、高效率和低剖面特性的阵列天线的应用需求，提出并设计了一种高功率容量高效率开口波导阵列天线。该天线由紧凑型1分16路波导功率分配网络、4×4矩形开口波导单元和陶瓷密封罩组成，通过设计开口波导尺寸、在开口波导表面加载E面金属栅条，使得辐射口面的电场分布更为均匀，提高了单元辐射增益。采用阶梯匹配结构实现了波导功率分配网络输出端口到开口波导单元口面的尺寸变换，同时提高了系统的阻抗带宽。加载在阵面上的陶瓷罩可使天线内部处于真空状态，提高了天线的功率容量。针对X波段高功率阵列天线的应用需求，优化设计了一个中心频率为9.5 GHz的16单元开口波导阵列，仿真结果表明其在9.25～9.65 GHz范围内口径效率均大于90%，反射系数均小于-13.9 dB。对天线进行了加工测试，测试得到的天线反射曲线和中心频率下的辐射方向图与仿真结果吻合良好，中心频率下天线增益为21.7 dBi。天线整体剖面高度为中心频率处波长的2倍，仿真得到的真空中功率容量为40 MW，具有高功率容量、高效率和低剖面的特点。Abstract: Aiming at the application requirements of array antenna with high-power capacity, high efficiency and low profile characteristics, a high-power capacity and high efficiency open waveguide array antenna is proposed and designed. The antenna consists of a compact 16-way waveguide power distribution network, 4×4 rectangular open waveguide unit cells and ceramic sealing radome. By designing the size of the open waveguide and loading E-plane metal bar on the surface of the open waveguide, the electric field distribution on the radiation aperture surface is more uniform, and the radiation gain of the unit cell is improved. The step matching structure is used to realize the size transformation from the output port of the waveguide power distribution network to the interface of the open waveguide unit cell, and the impedance bandwidth of the system is improved. The ceramic radome loaded on the array keeps the interior of the antenna in a vacuum state and improves the power capacity of the antenna. According to the application requirements of X-band high-power array antenna, a 16-element open waveguide array with a center frequency of 9.5 GHz is optimized and designed, the simulation results show that the aperture efficiency is greater than 90% and the reflection coefficient is less than -13.9 dB in the range of 9.25～9.65 GHz. The antenna is processed and tested, the measured antenna reflection curve and radiation pattern at the center frequency are in good agreement with the simulation results, the antenna gain at the center frequency is 21.7 dBi. The overall profile height of the antenna is twice the wavelengths at the central frequency, and the power capacity in vacuum obtained by simulation is 40 MW, which has the characteristics of high power capacity, high efficiency and low profile.
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Key words:
- high-power microwave /
- high efficiency /
- open waveguide /
- low profile /
- metal bar
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图 1 高功率容量高效率开口波导阵列天线结构示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of open waveguide array with high power capacity and high efficiency
图 7 ET分支与耦合腔仿真模型及S参数曲线
Figure 7. simulation model and S-parameter curve of ET branch and coupled cavity
图 11 反射特性测试场景与阵列实物图
Figure 11. Reflection characteristic testing scenario and physical array
表 1 口径分布与方向图特性
Table 1. Characteristics of aperture distribution and pattern
aperture distribution $ {E_{\text{H}}} $ $ {{\boldsymbol{f}}_x} $ θH D cosine $ {E_0}\cos \Bigg(\dfrac{{\pi x}}{a}\Bigg) $ $ 2\pi \dfrac{{\cos ({k_x}a/2)}}{{{\pi ^2} - {{({k_x}a)}^2}}}{E_0} $ 11.3 $ \dfrac{{3651}}{{{\theta _{\text{E}}}}} $ dual-cosine $ {E_1}\left| {\sin \Bigg(\dfrac{{\pi x}}{{a/2}}\Bigg)} \right| $ $ 8\pi a\dfrac{{{{\cos }^2}({k_x}a/4)}}{{4{\pi ^2} - {{({k_x}a)}^2}}}{E_1} $ 8.8 $ \dfrac{{4688}}{{{\theta _{\text{E}}}}} $ uniform $ {E_2} $ $ a\dfrac{{\sin \left( {{k_x}a/2} \right)}}{{{k_x}a/2}}{E_2} $ 8.4 $ \dfrac{{4911}}{{{\theta _{\text{E}}}}} $ 
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表 2 开口波导单元各项参数
Table 2. Parameters of open waveguide unit cell
a/mm a1/mm a2/mm ah/mm b/mm b1/mm b2/mm 17.00 29.48 35.00 38.50 5.45 9.00 12.8 bh/mm l1/mm l2/mm l3/mm t/mm d/mm 21.31 7.00 3.90 15.87 1.50 2.13
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表 3 波导阵列天线性能对比
Table 3. Performance comparison of waveguide array antenna
reference type profile height gain unit quantity aperture efficiency simulated or measured [8] waveguide slot fed horn array 3.4 λ 21.2 dBi 4×4 94% simulated [9] composite horn array 3.2 λ 42 dBi 64×8 80% simulated [10] ridged horn array 1.2 λ 38 dBi 32×32 67% simulated [11] ridge gap waveguide fed horn array 1.8 λ 26.5 dBi 4×4 85% simulated [12] mixed waveguide fed Gaussian horn array 20 λ 43 dBi 64×64 50% simulated this work open waveguide array 2 λ 22.6 dBi 4×4 90% simulated
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