Research progress on power system effects in late-time high-altitude electromagnetic pulses environment
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摘要: 高空电磁脉冲作为一种广域电磁攻击手段，能对电力设备造成较大冲击，甚至造成电力基础设施瘫痪，严重威胁新型电力系统安全。主要聚焦国内外高空电磁脉冲晚期环境下电力系统效应研究进展。首先，分析了高空电磁脉冲晚期环境下地磁扰动产生机理及感应地电场计算方法，建立了极端地磁感应电流的计算模型。其次，归纳了极端地磁感应电流注入情况下电力变压器、互感器、断路器等典型易损设备效应特征与机理。进一步地，分析了高空电磁脉冲晚期环境极下端地磁感应电流模拟注入装置和效应试验方法，总结了美国国防威胁降低局、美国电力研究院项目等相关试验和电力系统效应仿真与评估研究。最后，从高空电磁脉冲晚期环境效应机理、典型设备效应特征、模拟效应试验和系统级效应评估等层面总结了现有研究结论，梳理了下一步发展方向。Abstract: High-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP), as a wide-area electromagnetic attack method, can cause severe impacts on the power equipment and even collapse of power infrastructure, posing significant challenges to the electromagnetic safety of novel power systems. This article focused on latest research progress on the power system effects in HEMP late-time environment. Firstly, the mechanism of geomagnetic disturbance generation and the calculation method of induced geomagnetic field are analyzed. The calculation method of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) is provided. Then, the effects and mechanisms of typical primary power equipment, such as power transformers, current transformers, circuit breakers, etc. under extreme GIC conditions are summarized. Next, the extreme GIC injection devices and simulated experiment methods are discussed. And the experimental and simulation results acquired by Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) are also discussed, as well as the power system effects simulation and assessment. Finally, we summarized the main conclusions reached by the present work, and analyzed the future research from the perspective of effects mechanism, primary power equipment characteristics, simulated experimental methods, and system-level effects assessment.
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Key words:
- HEMP /
- GIC /
- magnetic saturation /
- simulated injection experiment /
- electromagnetic pulse protection
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图 2 HEMP E3危害电力系统路径与机理示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the coupling path of E3 to power grid
图 4 用于磁化率测试的E3A和E3B基准波形
Figure 4. E3A and E3B benchmark waveform to be used for susceptibility testing
图 5 采用一维地电导率模型计算的电场分布情况
Figure 5. Calculation of electric field distribution using a 1D conductivity model
图 6 HEMP E3环境下的地磁感应地电场及电网GIC的计算流程
Figure 6. Calculation process of geomagnetically induced ground electric field under HEMP E3 conditions
图 8 输出电流波形-励磁特性曲线图
Figure 8. Output current waveform-excitation characteristic curve diagram
图 9 不同GIC下断路器恢复电压峰值与系统相位的关系
Figure 9. Peak breaker recovery voltage as a function of system phase angles for various GICs
图 11 中性点串联脉冲注入源的三相系统E3环境试验装置
Figure 11. Simulation of a threephase line with pulser in the transformer neutral conductor
图 12 中性点串联脉冲注入源的三相系统E3环境试验装置
Figure 12. Simulation of a three-phase line with pulser along the line
图 13 橡树岭实验室E3效应模拟注入电流源
Figure 13. Oak Ridge Laboratory E3 Effect Simulation Injection Current Source
图 15 输电级线路E3效应试验线路结构
Figure 15. Effect test line structure for transmission level lines
图 16 DTRA试验中谐波幅值与模拟注入地磁感应电流关系
Figure 16. Relationship between harmonic amplitude and simulated injected geomagnetic induction current in DTRA experiments
图 18 不同电场上升速率和不同电场电压下负载母线电压的变化
Figure 18. Variation in Load Bus Voltage for Various Electric Field Ramp Rates and Various Electric Field Voltage
图 20 我国西北某750 kV电网示意图
Figure 20. Schematic diagram of a 750 kV power grid in northwest China
表 1 不同柱式结构的k1值
Table 1. The value of k1 for different designs
iron core design structure k1 single phase 1.18 three-phase, shell form 0.33 three-phase, 3-legged, core form 0.29 three-phase, 5-legged, core form 0.66 
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