Development and application of carbon based material grids for ion thruster: status quo and suggestions
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摘要: 离子推力器是广泛应用于空间航天任务的电推力器之一，栅极在离子推力器中承担着引出离子并加速进而实现推力的作用，直接影响推力器性能及寿命。相比于传统钼栅，碳基栅极具有热膨胀系数低、耐离子溅射高等优势，是未来高比冲、大推力、长寿命离子推力器栅极的理想候选材料，已被国外部分先进离子推力器成功在轨应用。分析对比了不同栅极材料特性，调研总结了国内外碳基栅极研制过程及技术特点，并报道了作者近期在小口径不同构型C/C栅极与一体化C/C栅极研制方面的相关进展，最后针对我国离子电推进发展趋势，提出了后续碳基栅极研究的经验启示与建议。Abstract: Ion thruster is one of the widely used electric thrusters in space and space missions. The grid plays the role in extracting ions and accelerating them to achieve thrust, directly affecting the performance and lifespan of the thruster. Compared to traditional molybdenum grids, carbon based grids have advantages such as low thermal expansion coefficient and resistance to ion sputtering, making them ideal candidate materials for high specific impulse, high thrust, and long-life ion thruster. They have been successfully applied in orbit by some advanced ion thrusters abroad. This review analyzes and compares the characteristics of different grid materials, investigates and summarizes the development process and technical characteristics of carbon based grids at home and abroad, and reports the authors' recent progress in the development of small caliber, different configurations C/C grids, and integrated C/C grids. Finally, based on the development trend of ion propulsion in China, the review summarizes experiences and puts forward suggestions for subsequent carbon based grid research.
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Key words:
- ion thruster /
- grid assembly /
- carbon-carbon composite material /
- pyrolytic graphite
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图 1 不同氙离子能量对C/C和PG材料的溅射产额
Figure 1. Sputtering yield of C/C and PG materials with different xenon ion energies
图 12 不同构型C/C复合材料栅极组件
Figure 12. Different configurations of C/C composite grid assemblies
图 13 凸面C/C栅极20 mN工况束流状态
Figure 13. Beam state of convex grid under 20 mN operating condition
图 14 等构型C/C复合材料栅极与钼栅极束流参数对比
Figure 14. Beam current parameters of equi-configuration C/C composite material grid and molybdenum grid
表 1 栅极工作特性及失效因素
Table 1. Grid operating characteristics and failure factors
work characteristic failure factors failure form feather ion sputtering broken reinforcement and pit in the bridge shortened lifespan and decreased beam performance high temperature plasma bombardment grid thermal deformation grid ignition short circuit vibration shock grid local rupture induced beam failure 
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表 2 栅极材料主要物理特性参数
Table 2. Main physical characteristic parameters of grid material
grid material elastic modulus/GPa strength/MPa ion sputtering
rate/eVthermal expansion
coefficient/(10−6 K−1)safe electric
field/(kV/cm)molybdenum 324 655 50 4.9 40～50 PG 32 90 16 0 20～30 C/C 206 345 14 −1.8～−0.51 23～35
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表 3 不同复合栅极成孔技术分析
Table 3. Analysis of different composite grid hole forming techniques
hole making method advantages disadvantages machining high efficiency and low cost poor quality and high tool loss EDM high precision and smooth hole wall shrinkage effect and high cost ultrasonic machining high precision and smooth hole wall shrinkage effect and high cost waterjet etching low processing cost poor quality and significant damage laser processing high quality and low damage high cost
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