Propagation characteristics of positive filamentary streamer discharges in water
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摘要: 水中流注放电为击穿前放电通道起始与发展的关键过程，但由于涉及物理机制较为复杂且尚不明确，制约了水中放电应用效率的提升。探究了水中正极性丝状流注放电的模式转化特性、重燃特性与分叉特性，明确了通道界面沉积电荷与空间电荷分布对流注发展过程的影响。研究结果表明，水中正极性放电可分为第一类与第二类丝状流注，流注模式转化特性受气液界面电荷弛豫过程影响较大。当外施电压达到加速电压时，第一类流注迅速转化为第二类流注。第一类丝状流注通道内电离形成、熄灭及重燃过程与通道内部电场及气/液界面电荷密度关系密切。第二类丝状流注通道空间电荷分布受电压上升沿与电极表面结构影响较大。电压上升沿时间越长，主通道头部电荷密度与电场强度越低，通道发展速度随之降低。随电极表面微凸结构半径增大，流注分叉点位置将电极表面过渡为主通道根部。受主通道空间电荷分布影响，分支通道发展速度在微凸结构半径为5 μm时呈现先降后升趋势。Abstract: Positive underwater discharge can produce abundant physical and chemical effects and is widely used in the fields of energy source exploration and sterilization. However, the physical mechanisms involved in initiation and propagation of streamer are complex and have not been revealed, which limit the efficiency of underwater discharge applications. In this paper, we explore the mode-transition, reillumination and branching characteristics of positive filamentary streamer. The influence of deposited charge and space charge distribution on the propagation of streamer channel is clarified. Our research shows that the positive polarity filamentary streamers can be divided into primary streamer and secondary streamer, and the mode transition of discharges is greatly affected by the gas/liquid interface charge relaxation process. When the applied voltage reaches the accelerating voltage, the primary streamer rapidly transits into secondary streamer. The gas/liquid interface charge density and electric field in primary streamer channel are closely related with initiation, termination and reignition of discharge. The space charge distribution of secondary streamer is greatly affected by the voltage rising edge and the electrode surface structure. Longer voltage rise time leads to lower density of space charge and electric field at the head of streamer channel, which causes the decrease of streamer velocity. With larger radius of the micro-convex structure on the electrode surface, the branching of streamer will take place at the root of the main channel instead of electrode surface. Due to the variation of the spatial charge distribution, the velocity of the branching channel shows a trend of first declining and then increasing when the radius of the micro-convex structure is 5 μm.
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Key words:
- liquid discharge /
- streamer discharge /
- discharge mode /
- interface charge /
- streamer branching
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图 1 水中放电光-电信号联合测量平台
Figure 1. Measurement platform of optical-electrical signals of underwater streamer discharge
图 2 水中正极性第一类丝状流注发展过程
Figure 2. Development of positive primary streamer discharge in water
图 3 水中正极性第二类丝状流注放电图像与波形
Figure 3. Waveforms and shadow images of secondary streamer in water
图 4 水中正极性第二类丝状流注放电图像与波形
Figure 4. Waveforms and shadow images of secondary streamer in water
图 6 水中正极性流注发展速度随外施电压变化趋势
Figure 6. Varying trend of underwater positive streamer versus applied voltage
图 7 针-板电极二维轴对称模型几何结构与网格剖分
Figure 7. Geometric structure and mesh generation of two-dimensional axisymmetric model of needle-to-plane electrode
图 9 20 kV水中正极性第二类丝状流注发展阶段电场分布特性
Figure 9. Electric field distribution of 20 kV positive secondary streamer during propagation period
图 10 不同电压上升沿条件下正极性第二类丝状流注发展特性
Figure 10. Development characteristics of positive secondary stream under different rising time of applied voltage
图 11 不同电极表面微凸结构条件下正极性第二类丝状流注发展特性
Figure 11. Development characteristics of positive secondary streamer under the effect of micro-convex structure of electrode surface
图 12 不同电极表面微凸结构条件下流注分支通道起始过程电场分布云图
Figure 12. Electric field distribution of streamer branching channel under different micro-convex structures of electrode surface
图 13 不同电极表面微凸结构条件下流注分支通道速度随时间演化曲线
Figure 13. Varying curves of branching channel velocity versus time under different micro-convex structures of electrode surface
表 1 水中流注放电仿真模型的主要物理参数
Table 1. Main physical parameters of underwater streamer discharge simulation model
parameter symbol value[18-20] Planck constant h 6.63×10−34 J·s intermolecular distance a 3.1×10−10 m number density of ionizable molecules n0 3.3×1026 m−3 ionization energy of water molecules Δ 4.0 eV effective electron mass m* 9.1×10−32 kg recombination rate of positive and negative ions Rpn 1×10−19 m3/s recombination rate of positive ions and electrons Rpe 1×10−19 m3/s mobility of positive ion μp 3.5×10−7 m2 /(V·s) mobility of negative ion μn 2×10−7 m2 /(V·s) mobility of electron μe 5×10−4 m2/(V·s) electron attachment time τa 200 ns vacuum permittivity ε0 8.85×10−12 F/m relative permittivity of water εr 81 electron charge e 1.6×10−19 C 
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