Bipolar ultra-wide spectrum pulse generator based on GaAs photoconductive switches
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摘要: 设计了一种基于砷化镓（GaAs）光电导开关（PCSS）的双极性固态脉冲功率源。通过对两级脉冲形成线（PFL）结构端反射系数的研究，分析了单极性正、负脉冲以及双极性脉冲产生的波过程，并采用PSpice工具开展电路仿真研究。研究了输入端电阻阻抗对脉冲拖尾的影响，提出了脉冲拖尾调制和脉冲宽度调制的方法。基于体结构GaAs PCSS和两级脉冲形成线结构，搭建了电阻隔离的脉冲充电实验平台，采用光路分时触发技术对光电导开关导通时序进行调控。实验结果表明，所研制的双极性固态脉冲功率源在2.5 kV偏压下可产生峰峰值达3.26 kV、脉宽5.6 ns、重复频率1 kHz的双极性纳秒冲激脉冲，验证了将雪崩GaAs PCSS与多级波拓扑结构PFL结合产生双极性纳秒冲激脉冲的可行性。Abstract: In this paper, a bipolar solid-state pulsed power source based on gallium arsenide (GaAs) photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) is designed. By studying the reflection coefficients at the structural end of the two-stage pulse forming line (PFL), the wave processes of single-stage positive and negative pulses as well as bipolar pulses are analysed, and the circuit simulation is carried out by using the PSpice tool. The effect of resistive impedance at the input end on pulse trailing is investigated, and the methods of pulse trailing modulation and pulse width modulation are proposed. Based on the vertically structured GaAs PCSS and the two-stage pulse-forming line structure, a resistor-isolated pulse charging experimental platform is constructed, and the optical path time-triggering technique is adopted to regulate the on-time sequence of the photoconductive switch. The experimental results show that the developed bipolar solid-state pulsed power source generator can produce bipolar nanosecond impulse with peak-to-peak values up to 3.26 kV, pulse widths of 5.6 ns, and a repetition frequency of 1 kHz under a bias voltage of 2.5 kV, which verifies the feasibility of generating bipolar nanosecond impulse by combining an avalanche GaAs PCSS with a multilevel wave topology PFL.
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Key words:
- photoconductive switch /
- avalanche mode /
- bipolar /
- solid-state /
- pulse power source
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随着科学技术的发展，核技术具有零碳排放、能源独立、安全等诸多优势，在人类社会中的地位越来越重要。然而，核辐射事故却为核技术发展迅速蒙上了一层阴影。1986年，苏联切尔诺贝利核电站发生了迄今为止人类历史上最严重的核辐射事故[1]。2011年，日本东北海岸发生了里氏9.0级的强烈地震和海啸，造成了福岛第一核电站的1～3号机组反应堆熔毁[2]。由于反应堆内部高温和高辐射等极端环境，人类无法直接进入进行勘察和处置工作，因此在福岛事故中使用了多种类型和功能的机器人。光纤激光器具有高功率、高光束质量，光束可以远距离柔性传输等优点，可以用于无人区开展激光切割救援等工作[3]。比如Shin等人研究了用10 kW光纤激光器拆除核设施的150 mm厚的厚钢板和大型管道的切割性能[4]。当然，光纤激光器在辐射环境中也会受到影响[5]，高能射线会导致增益光纤产生色心等各类缺陷，这些缺陷引起的额外光吸收增加了传输损耗，降低了光纤激光器性能。
课题组基于光纤激光器存在的自漂白效应，利用60CO辐照源探索不同辐照剂量率下的光纤激光器暗化与自漂白的平衡关系。实验先采用低功率光纤振荡器进行不同辐照剂量率下激光器输出功率演化和去辐照后自漂白研究。使用的光纤激光振荡器实验结构如图1所示，谐振腔由常规商业掺镱光纤（YDF）、高反射光纤光栅（HR-FBG）、低反射光纤光栅（OC-FBG）构成，中心波长为976 nm的泵浦源（LDs）通过前向（2+1）×1泵浦信号合束器（FPSC）注入到谐振腔中，激光经过包层光滤除器（CLS）后由光纤端帽（QBH）扩束输出。
首先，利用较高辐照剂量率研究在去辐照后的自漂白效应，结果如图2（a）所示。图2（a）的(I)为未辐照阶段，持续时间为680 s，由于水冷机周期性制冷使得功率计温度周期变化导致测试激光功率也存在周期变化，激光器功率起伏为1.44%；需要注意的是，这个是主要功率测量误差导致，并不是激光器本身功率起伏。图2（a）中(II)为辐照阶段，在总辐照时间298 s内，辐照总剂量为14 900 rad，激光器输出功率从150 W下降至105 W。图2（a）的(III)为去辐照后的自漂白阶段，在光纤激光器的泵浦光子与热效应的共同作用下，激光器输出功率从118 W恢复di至145 W，与初始功率相差仅5 W，表明自漂白效应可以较为有效地恢复由于辐照导致的激光功率下降。
图 2 光纤激光器在辐照环境下的输出特性Figure 2. Output characteristics of the optical fiber laser in an irradiated environment然后，为了探索不同剂量率的自漂白与在线辐照相互作用是否可以达到平衡，开展了不同剂量率的对比研究，结果如图2（b）所示。图2（b）中，总辐照剂量为2 400 rad，红色、蓝色曲线分别对应辐照剂量率为50 rad/s、1 rad/s时激光器归一化输出功率演化情况；在辐照剂量率为50 rad/s时，激光输出功率下降了3%；在辐照剂量率1 rad/s时，功率起伏1.22%，考虑到这里的周期性起伏主要由于水冷机周期性制冷导致，可以认为在低辐照剂量率下，光纤激光器自漂白导致的功率提升与辐照导致的功率下降基本达到平衡。
进一步地，基于图2（b）的实验结果，我们验证了1 kW级光纤激光器中自漂白与辐照平衡的实验现象。在辐照剂量率为0.1 rad/s时，激光器输出激光功率曲线演化如图2（c）所示。从实测功率曲线来看，在总辐照剂量为190 rad的整个辐照过程中，光纤激光器的输出功率都稳定在1 050 W以上，即使考虑前述由于水冷机导致的功率变化，激光器的功率起伏在1.79%以内。如果不考虑水冷机周期性制冷影响，激光器的功率起伏在0.66%以内。
实验首次验证了在一定辐照剂量率下，光纤激光器自漂白效应导致的激光功率提升可以平衡辐照效应导致的功率下降，为相关场景应用的光纤激光器设计提供了有效支撑。后续，我们将继续深入相关研究，探索不同类别、不同结构激光器辐照与自漂白平衡的机理、阈值和可能的应用。
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图 1 结构示意与端反射系数点阵
Figure 1. Schematic structure with end-reflection coefficient dot matrix
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