Review of study on conduction characteristics of vacuum switch based on cold cathode materials
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摘要: 对于空间环境应用的真空开关，可以省去人工环境下的开关密封结构和附属抽真空等设备，有效减轻体积重量，且具有真空环境天成、无需密封、绝缘强度高、恢复速度快等优点，在空间环境中有巨大的应用潜力。首先对国内外的真空开关导通特性研究进展进行了系统介绍，分析了多种类型真空开关的工作特性，评述其优缺点，并对自击穿型沿面闪络真空开关和触发型真空开关的导通机制进行了总结分析；其次分析了关于冷阴极材料的应用研究；然后概括介绍了本课题组在冷阴极真空开关方面的工作进展；最后探讨了冷阴极真空开关的发展趋势，为脉冲功率驱动源的空间环境应用奠定技术基础。Abstract: For vacuum switches used in space environments, it is possible to eliminate the sealing structures and ancillary vacuum pumping equipment required in artificial environments, effectively reducing the volume and weight. They have the inherent advantages of a vacuum environment, no need for sealing, high insulation strength, and fast recovery speed, making them highly potential for application in space environments. Firstly, it is systemically introduced the research advances of vacuum switches domestic and overseas. And it is analyzed and compared the operating characteristics of various types of vacuum switches. Especially, the emphasis is put on the summary of the conduction mechanism of self-breakdown flashover vacuum switch and trigger vacuum switch. Secondly, it is analyzed the application research of cold cathode materials. Thirdly, it is summarized the research advances on cold cathode vacuum switch in National University of Defense Technology. Finally, it is discussed the development trend of the cold cathode vacuum switch. Research results lay a solid technical foundation for the application of pulse power driving source in space environment.
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Key words:
- pulsed power /
- vacuum switch /
- cold cathode material /
- conduction characteristics /
- surface flashover
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图 1 场击穿型触发真空开关（左）和沿面闪络型触发真空开关（右）的基本结构
Figure 1. Basic structure of field-breakdown trigger vacuum switch (left) and surface flashover trigger vacuum switch (right)
图 3 激光触发真空开关实验装置示意图
Figure 3. Schematic of experimental setup for laser-trigger vacuum switch
图 4 冷阴极真空开关实验系统布局
Figure 4. Layout of experimental setup of vacuum switch based on cold cathode material
图 5 实验后的两种冷阴极和不锈钢阳极
Figure 5. Two kinds of cold cathode and stainless steel anode after experiments
图 6 天鹅绒击穿前后放大不同倍数的微观样貌
Figure 6. Micro-structure of velvet before and after breakdown for different magnification times
图 7 碳纤维击穿前后放大不同倍数的微观样貌
Figure 7. Micro-structure of carbon-fiber before and after breakdown for different magnification times
图 8 不锈钢阳极击穿前后的表面元素对比
Figure 8. Comparison of surface elements of stainless steel anode before and after breakdown
图 10 碳纤维阴极的电压、电流和触发电压波形
Figure 10. Waveforms of voltage, current and trigger voltage for carbon-fiber cathode
图 11 沿面闪络型触发真空开关的开通时间、延迟时间和工作电压的关系
Figure 11. Conduction time and delay time vs. operation voltage for flashover trigger vacuum switch
表 1 多类型真空开关工作特性
Table 1. Operation characteristics of multi-types of vacuum switches
switch type surface flashover TVS field-breakdown TVS multi-rod TVS laser TVS self-breakdown surface flashover VS initial plasma generation surface flashover trigger electrode surface flashover target material field enhancement working voltage tens of kV zero to tens of kV tens of kV several to tens of kV hundreds of kV working current tens to hundreds of kA tens of kA hundreds of kA tens to hundreds of kA several kA trigger condition low voltage high voltage high energy high energy high voltage trigger delay and jitter a dozen ns tens of ns several μs several ns sub-nanosecond advantages stable triggering;
low triggering voltage;
wide working voltage range;
large through-currentlong life;
large through-current;
wide working voltage rangelarge through-current;
repetitive triggering;
long lifeshort trigger delay (ns);
stable triggering;
wide working voltage rangehigh working voltage;
long life;
simple structure;
fast rising edgedisadvantages metal vapor deposition;
trigger ablation;
short trigger lifehigh trigger energy;
large trigger delay and dispersion (μs)high trigger energy;
large trigger delay and dispersion;
large volumemetal vapor deposition;
high stability requirementslarge voltage dispersion;
dielectric degradation reduces working voltage
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