高亮度电子源驱动激光研究进展

石英彤; 徐航; 徐金强; 黄森林

doi:10.11884/HPLPB202537.240261

高亮度电子源驱动激光研究进展

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202537.240261

1.
北京大学物理学院，核物理与核技术国家重点实验室，重离子物理研究所，北京 100871
2.
中国科学院高能物理研究所，北京 100049

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(12175251)

详细信息

作者简介:
石英彤，shiyt@pku.edu.cn

通讯作者:
徐　航，xuhang@pku.edu.cn。

中图分类号: TN248.1
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- 文章访问数: 334
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-08-12
- 修回日期: 2024-12-18
- 录用日期: 2024-12-18
- 网络出版日期: 2025-01-17
- 刊出日期: 2025-02-15

Research progress on high-brightness electron source drive laser system

1.
State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology & Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2.
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

摘要

摘要: 光阴极电子源是先进加速器装置最为关键的部件，驱动激光的品质参数是电子源性能的首要决定因素。近年来，电子加速器装置的束流指标不断提升，要求驱动激光具备高功率、高稳定性等特点和时空分布调控的功能，这对驱动激光系统的放大、选频、倍频、时空整形等模块提出了更高的需求。国内外主要研究机构根据其电子源的需求采用了相应的技术路线，在重复频率、激光波长、单脉冲能量和时空分布整形等方面各有特点。本文介绍了高亮度电子源驱动激光的主要技术路线和国内外发展现状，分析了典型的驱动激光方案，并讨论了驱动激光系统的未来发展趋势，以期为相关装置的规划和建设提供参考。
- 光阴极激光 /
- 激光放大 /
- 激光倍频 /
- 激光整形 /
- 激光稳定性
Abstract: Photocathode electron sources play a crucial role in advanced accelerator facilities. Recent advancements in electron accelerator facilities have continually pushed the parameter boundaries of electron sources, which in turn necessitate photocathode drive lasers that possess high power, high stability, and the ability to control spatiotemporal distributions. For such a purpose, lots of efforts have been made to achieve high-quality amplification, harmonic generation, and spatiotemporal shaping of the drive laser systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the primary technological approaches and status of drive lasers for high-brightness electron sources worldwide. Analysis of representative drive laser schemes and discussion on the future trends are also included, aiming to provide a helpful reference for planning and developing high-performance photocathode drive laser system.
- photocathode laser /
- laser amplification /
- laser harmonic generation /
- laser shaping /
- laser stability

HTML全文

高增益^[1-3]是速调管放大器一个重要的发展方向，增大输出腔的输出功率是提高增益的一种有效方式。如果反射功率为零，输出波导与输出腔的耦合就达到了匹配状态，输出腔的输出功率就达到了最大值。文献[4]给出了输出腔等效电路和输出功率计算公式。这里的输出腔等效电路采用变压器模型来研究输出腔与输出波导之间的耦合。输出功率计算公式是一种典型的传统算法。这种输出功率的算法得到了广泛的应用，基于圆盘模型的一维粒子模拟软件的输出功率的计算就是采用这种算法。按照传统算法，输出功率与工作频率无关，只与输出腔的间隙电压、特性阻抗和外观品质因数有关。本文提出了新的等效电路和输出功率计算公式^[5-6]。输出腔等效电路以感应电流作为激励源，输出腔采用电阻、电容和电感组成并联电路，采用互感模型来研究输出腔与输出波导之间的耦合，采用传输线理论研究输出波导中的入射波和反射波。因为该模型为自洽模型，腔体通过电子束反馈回自身的效应通过感应电流来考虑，所以电子束阻抗在模型中不是必须的。当输出波导中的反射波为零时，带有调制电子束的输出腔与输出波导达到匹配状态。按照匹配理论，在匹配状态时，输出腔的工作频率与输出腔的谐振频率之间存在频率差。频率差是由输出腔的特性阻抗，感应电流和间隙电压决定的，同时还推出了匹配状态下输出腔有载品质因数的计算公式。从传统的输出腔的等效电路模型出发，无法推出完全匹配时输出腔谐振频率与有载品质因数的表达式。本文建立了较完整的带有电子束和输出波导的输出腔匹配理论即最大输出功率理论，推导了输出波导与带有电子束的输出腔之间任意的耦合和完全匹配这两种情形时输出微波功率和间隙电压关系的公式。将匹配情形时从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的输出功率的公式与传统的经典理论的公式进行比较，发现两者近似相等。

这套理论不仅得出了一般情形时输出功率与间隙电压等参量的关系式，而且可以得出匹配情形时（输出波导内反射波为零）的输出功率与间隙电压等参量的关系式，以及匹配情形时的工作频率和输出腔的谐振频率两者之间关系式和有载品质因数的表达式。根据这两个表达式就可以计算出输出腔的谐振频率和外观品质因数，这两个参数可以作为输出腔的设计依据。

1. 腔体模型

图1给出了输出腔的等效电路模型^[4-9]。图1中 ${i_{\text{g}}}$ 是在与腔体耦合的输出波导中产生的出射电流， ${i_{\text{r}}}$ 是波导中的反向电流， ${Z_{\text{0}}}$ 是波导特性阻抗，R是腔体并联电阻，L是腔体电感，C是腔体电容，i是腔体电路中流过互感M的电流， ${i_{\text{d}}} = M'{i_1}$ 是腔体电路中由于调制电子束而引起的电流，通常被称为感应电流， $M'$ 是电子束和输出腔之间的耦合系数， ${i_1}$ 是束流的一次谐波。腔体和波导通过互感M互相耦合。输出腔阻抗 ${Z_{{\text{cav}}}}$ 由腔体并联阻抗R，腔体电容C，腔体电感L或者由R、腔体谐振频率 ${f_0}$ 、工作频率f和腔体特性阻抗 ${R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R Q}} \right. } Q}$ 给出

图 1 输出腔等效电路图

Figure 1. Equivalent circuit model of a klystron output cavity

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

$\dfrac{1}{{{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}} = \dfrac{1}{R} + {\text{j}}\omega C + \dfrac{1}{{{\text{j}}\omega L}} = \dfrac{1}{R} + {\text{j}}\left( {\dfrac{f}{{{f_0}}} - \dfrac{{{f_0}}}{f}} \right)\dfrac{1}{{{R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R Q}} \right. } Q}}}$

(1)

这两种定义通过 ${R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R Q}} \right. } Q} = {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {2{\text{π }}{f_{\text{0}}}}}} \right. } {2{\text{π }}{f_{\text{0}}}}}C$ 和 ${\left( {2{\text{π }}{f_{\text{0}}}} \right)^2}CL = 1$ 相联系。腔体间隙电压定义为在位置矢量 ${{\boldsymbol{r}}} = \left( {x,y,{\textit{z}}} \right)$ 处腔体射频电场沿着某个感兴趣的路径S瞬时线积分

${V}_{\text{gap}}\left(t\right)={\displaystyle {\displaystyle\int }_{S}{{\boldsymbol{E}}}\left({{\boldsymbol{r}}},t\right)}\cdot \text{d}{{\boldsymbol{l}}}$

(2)

腔体间隙电压是图1中腔体阻抗两端的电压，由下式给出

${V_{{\text{gap}}}} = - {Z_{{\text{cav}}}}\left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right)$

(3)

2. 外耦合模型

这里我们将定义输出腔与外部波导耦合的模型。外部波导中同时存在带有电流i_g和电压i_gZ₀的出射波以及电流 $- {i_{\text{r}}}$ 和电压i_rZ₀的反射波。利用图1和互感的定义，我们可以得出腔体-波导电路中电流的表达式

${i_{\text{g}}} + {i_{\text{r}}} = \dfrac{{{\text{j}}\omega M}}{{{Z_0}}}i$

(4)

${i_{\text{r}}} - {i_{\text{g}}} = \left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right)\dfrac{{{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{{\text{j}}\omega M}}$

(5)

式中： $\omega = 2\pi f$ 是工作角频率。

2.1 有载品质因数Q

首先我们将给出没有电子束和外部微波源关闭时的有载品质因数Q。冷腔有载品质因数定义为

${Q_{\text{l}}} = \dfrac{{\omega {E_{{\text{stored}}}}}}{{{P_{{\text{loss}}}}}}$

(6)

式中： ${E_{{\text{stored}}}}$ 是腔体中平均储能，表示为

${E_{{\text{stored}}}} = \dfrac{1}{4}\dfrac{1}{{{\omega ^2}C}}{\left| {{i_{\text{C}}}} \right|^2} + \dfrac{1}{4}L{\left| {{i_{\text{L}}}} \right|^2}$

(7)

式中： ${i_{\text{C}}}$ 是流过电容器的电流， ${i_{\text{L}}}$ 是流过电感的电流，平均功率损耗为

${P_{{\text{loss}}}} = {P_{\text{G}}} + {P_{\text{e}}} = \dfrac{1}{2}R{\left| {{i_{\text{R}}}} \right|^2} + \dfrac{1}{2}{Z_{\text{0}}}{\left| {{i_{\text{g}}}} \right|^2}$

(8)

式中： ${i_{\text{R}}}$ 是流过腔体电阻的电流， ${P_{\text{G}}}$ 为腔体电阻损耗功率， ${P_{\text{e}}}$ 为从腔体泄漏到波导中的功率。在无反射波的情形下 $\left( {{i_{\text{r}}} = 0} \right)$ 有

${i_{\text{g}}} = - \left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right)\dfrac{{{Z_{{\mathrm{cav}}}}}}{{{\mathrm{j}}\omega M}}$

(9)

${i_{\text{R}}} = - {Z_{{\text{cav}}}}\left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right)\dfrac{1}{R}$

(10)

${i_{\text{L}}} = - {Z_{{\text{cav}}}}\left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right)\dfrac{1}{{{\text{j}}\omega L}}$

(11)

${i_{\text{C}}} = - {Z_{{\text{cav}}}}\left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right){\text{j}}\omega C$

(12)

我们定义复耦合系数 $\; \beta$ 为

$\; \beta = \dfrac{{{Z_{\text{0}}}{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{{\omega ^2}{M^2}}}$

(13)

根据腔体与波导耦合系数 $\; \beta '$ 的定义

$\; \beta ' = \dfrac{{{P_{\text{e}}}}}{{{P_{\text{G}}}}} = \dfrac{{{Z_{\text{0}}}R}}{{{\omega ^2}{M^2}}} = \dfrac{{\beta R}}{{{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}$

(14)

没有电子束的有载品质因数为

${Q_{\text{L}}} = {Q_{\text{0}}}\dfrac{1}{{1 + \beta '}} = {Q_{\text{0}}}\dfrac{1}{{1 + {{\beta R} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\beta R} {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}} \right. } {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}}}$

(15)

其中固有品质因数

${Q_{\text{0}}} = \dfrac{{\omega CR}}{2}\left( {1 + \dfrac{1}{{{\omega ^2}CL}}} \right)$

(16)

2.2 反射微波功率

反射微波功率为

${P_{\text{r}}} = \dfrac{1}{2}{Z_{\text{0}}}{\left| {{i_{\text{r}}}} \right|^2}$

(17)

从式（4）和式（5）中消去出射波，我们可以得到腔内驱动电流为

$i = \dfrac{{2{i_{\text{r}}} - {i_{\text{d}}}\dfrac{{{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{{\text{j}}\omega M}}}}{{\dfrac{{{\text{j}}\omega M}}{{{Z_{\text{0}}}}}\left( {1 + \beta } \right)}}$

(18)

这个表达式可以用来推出间隙电压

${V_{{\text{gap}}}} = - {Z_{{\text{cav}}}}\left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right) = - \dfrac{{{i_{\text{d}}}{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{1 + \beta }} - \dfrac{{{\text{j}}2{i_{\text{r}}}\omega M}}{{1 + \beta }}\beta$

(19)

或者反过来，波导中的反射波为

${i_{\text{r}}} = - \dfrac{{1 + \beta }}{{{\text{j}}2\omega M\beta }}\left( {{V_{{\text{gap}}}} + \dfrac{{{i_{\text{d}}}{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{1 + \beta }}} \right)$

(20)

从这个表达式可以导出一般情形时反射微波功率为

${P_{\text{r}}} = \dfrac{1}{8}{\left| {1 + \beta } \right|^2}\dfrac{{{{\left| {{V_{{\text{gap}}}} + \dfrac{{{i_{\text{d}}}{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{1 + \beta }}} \right|}^2}}}{{\left| {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}} \right|\left| \beta \right|}}$

(21)

2.3 输出微波功率

输出微波功率为

${P_{\text{g}}} = \dfrac{1}{2}{Z_{\text{0}}}{\left| {{i_{\text{g}}}} \right|^2}$

(22)

下面分两种情形讨论。

1）当复耦合系数 $\; \beta$ 不等于1时：从式（4）和式（5）中消去反射波，我们可以得到腔内驱动电流为

$i = \dfrac{{2{i_{\text{g}}} + {i_{\text{d}}}\dfrac{{{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{{\text{j}}\omega M}}}}{{\dfrac{{{\text{j}}\omega M}}{{{Z_{\text{0}}}}}\left( {1 - \beta } \right)}}$

(23)

这个表达式可以用来推出间隙电压

${V_{{\text{gap}}}} = - {Z_{{\text{cav}}}}\left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right) = - \dfrac{{{i_{\text{d}}}{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{1 - \beta }} - \dfrac{{{\text{j}}2{i_{\text{g}}}\omega M}}{{1 - \beta }}\beta$

(24)

或者反过来，波导中的出射波为

${i_{\text{g}}} = - \dfrac{{1 - \beta }}{{{\text{j}}2\omega M\beta }}\left( {{V_{{\text{gap}}}} + \dfrac{{{i_{\text{d}}}{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{1 - \beta }}} \right)$

(25)

从这个表达式可以导出输出波导中的输出微波功率为

${P_{{\text{g1}}}} = \dfrac{1}{8}{\left| {1 - \beta } \right|^2}\dfrac{{{{\left| {{V_{{\text{gap}}}} + \dfrac{{{i_{\text{d}}}{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{1 - \beta }}} \right|}^2}}}{{\left| {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}} \right|\left| \beta \right|}}$

(26)

2）当复耦合系数 $\; \beta$ 等于1时：从式（4）和式（5）中消去反射波，我们可以得到出射电流为

${i_{\text{g}}} = - {i_{\text{d}}}\dfrac{{{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{2{\text{j}}\omega M}}$

(27)

将式（27）代入式（22）可以导出输出微波功率为

${P_{{\text{g2}}}} = \dfrac{1}{8}{\left| {{i_{\text{d}}}} \right|^2}\left| {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}} \right|$

(28)

3. 匹配耦合的特殊情形

如果输出波导中没有反射波，波导与腔体的耦合就达到了匹配。因为匹配将导致输出微波功率达到最大值，所以波导与腔体的匹配是波导和腔体的设计目标。

3.1 输出微波功率

从式（4）和式（5）得到

$2{i_{\text{r}}} = i\dfrac{{{\text{j}}\omega M}}{{{Z_{\text{0}}}}} + \left( {{i_{\text{d}}} - i} \right)\dfrac{{{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{{\text{j}}\omega M}}$

(29)

令 ${i_{\text{r}}}$ 为零可以导出

$i\left( {1 + \beta } \right) = {i_{\text{d}}}\beta$

(30)

式（30）为匹配条件。在这种情形下，间隙电压为

${V_{{\text{gap}}}} = - {Z_{{\text{cav}}}}\dfrac{{{i_{\text{d}}}}}{{1 + \beta }}$

(31)

或者

${V_{{\text{gap}}}} + \dfrac{{{i_{\text{d}}}{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}{{1 - \beta }} = \dfrac{{2{V_{{\text{gap}}}}\beta }}{{\beta - 1}}$

(32)

与这个条件相对应，匹配时输出微波功率为

${P_{{\text{g1}}}} = \dfrac{1}{2}\left| \beta \right|\dfrac{{{{\left| {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}} \right|}^2}}}{{\left| {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}} \right|}}$

(33)

对于匹配条件式（30）必须满足，或者

$\; \beta = \dfrac{i}{{{i_{\text{d}}} - i}}$

(34)

匹配时输出微波功率又可以写为

${P_{{\text{g1}}}} = \dfrac{1}{2}{Z_{\text{0}}}{\left| {{i_{\text{g}}}} \right|^2} = \dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{{{\omega ^2}{M^2}}}{{{Z_{\text{0}}}}}\dfrac{{{{\left| \beta \right|}^2}}}{{{{\left| {1 + \beta } \right|}^2}}}{\left| {{i_{\text{d}}}} \right|^2}$

(35)

由 $\; \beta$ 的定义式（13）和式（33）与式（15）可得

${P_{{\text{g1}}}} = \dfrac{1}{2}\dfrac{{\left| \beta \right|}}{{\left| {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}} \right|}}{\left| {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}} \right|^2} = \dfrac{1}{2}{\left| {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}} \right|^2}\dfrac{{{Q_{\text{0}}} - {Q_{\text{L}}}}}{{{Q_{\text{L}}}R}}$

(36)

3.2 匹配时的微波频率与有载品质因数

通过比较复耦合系数 $\; \beta$ 的定义式（13）和式（31），可以得出

${\omega ^2}{M^2} = \dfrac{{{Z_{\text{0}}}}}{{{{ - {i_{\text{d}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - {i_{\text{d}}}} {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}}}} \right. } {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}}} - {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}} \right. } {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}}}$

(37)

这个方程等式左边为实数，右边通过工作频率的合适的选择也可以成为实数。定义 $\left( {\delta + 1} \right)f = {f_{\text{0}}}$ ，如果 $\delta$ 满足

$\delta = \dfrac{{{R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R Q}} \right. } Q}}}{2}{{\mathrm{Im}}} \left( {{{{i_{\text{d}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{i_{\text{d}}}} {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}}}} \right. } {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}}}} \right)$

(38)

则式（37）右边成为实数。匹配时有载品质因数为

${Q_{{\text{Lt}}}} = {Q_{\text{0}}}\dfrac{1}{{1 + {{\mathrm{Re}}} \left( {{{ - {i_{\text{d}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - {i_{\text{d}}}} {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}}}} \right. } {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}}} - {1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}} \right. } {{Z_{{\text{cav}}}}}}} \right)R}}$

(39)

4. 从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的理论与经典理论的比较

从谐振腔的一般理论^[4]可以得出

${P_{\text{g}}} = \dfrac{1}{2}{{\mathrm{Re}}} \left( {{i_{\text{d}}} V_{{\text{gap}}}^*} \right) = \dfrac{1}{2}{\left| {{V_{{\text{gap}}}}} \right|^2}\dfrac{1}{{\left( {{R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R Q}} \right. } Q}} \right){Q_{{\text{ext}}}}}}$

(40)

这里我们把它称为经典理论。对于输出腔来说， ${Q_{{\text{ext}}}}$ 远小于 ${Q_{\text{0}}}$ ， ${Q_{\text{L}}} \approx {Q_{{\text{ext}}}}$ ， ${R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R Q}} \right. } Q} \approx {R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R {\left( {{Q_{\text{0}}} - {Q_{\text{L}}}} \right)}}} \right. } {\left( {{Q_{\text{0}}} - {Q_{\text{L}}}} \right)}}$ ，匹配情形时的式（36）与式（40）近似相等。一般情形时的式（26）与式（40）只有通过数值计算进行比较。

5. 输出腔的理论计算与粒子模拟的比较

单重入输出腔的2维粒子模拟结构图如图2所示。图2中输出腔外径为5.6 cm，输出同轴线的内外径分别为5.2 cm和5.5 cm，特性阻抗 ${Z_0}$ 为3.365 Ω，间隙距离为1.4 cm， ${r_{\text{a}}}$ 和 ${r_{\text{b}}}$ 分别等于2.4 cm和2.8 cm，为环形电子束的内半径和外半径， ${R_{\text{c}}}$ 等于3.0 cm为漂移管半径，鼻锥厚度为6 mm。在粒子模拟中束压为724.4 kV，束流为 $8\left[ {1 + 1.2\sin (2{\text{π}}ft)} \right]$ kA，外加均匀磁场为1.2 T。输入腔谐振频率 ${f_0}$ 为2.933 GHz，特性阻抗 ${R \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {R Q}} \right. } Q}$ 为6.727 Ω，固有品质因数 ${Q_0}$ 为4 406.7，外观品质因数 ${Q_{{\text{ext}}}}$ 为18.8，图1中R为29 643.871 Ω，L为0.365×10⁻⁹ H，C为8.07 pF。

图 2 带有输出波导和电子束的速调管输出腔示意图

Figure 2. Schematic of a klystron output cavity with output waveguide and beam

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当基波电流调制系数为1.2时，采用2维粒子模拟计算了输出微波功率与工作频率关系，计算结果如图3所示。从图3可知，当工作频率为2.906 GHz时，输出微波功率达到最大值；输出腔间隙耦合系数为0.635 9，基波电流为−9.6 kA，间隙电压为(6.767×10⁵+2.742×10⁵i) kV，复耦合系数为3.5276×10⁻²+2.875 3 i，互感为1.1299×10⁻⁹ H，腔体阻抗为（4.461+3.636×10⁻² i）Ω。根据式（38）可以得出 $\delta$ 为0.010 6，所以匹配时工作频率为2.902 3 GHz，工作频率的理论值与粒子模拟的工作频率相差3.7 MHz。根据式（39）可以得出匹配时有载品质因数理论值为19.18，而粒子模拟的有载品质因数为18.72，两者相差0.46。按照式（21）计算的反射功率为1.5962 MW。按照式（26）计算的输出微波功率为2.058 GW，粒子模拟为1.935 GW，两者相差0.123 GW。按照式（36）计算的输出微波功率为2.107 6 GW。

图 3 输出微波功率与工作频率关系图

Figure 3. Output power versus frequency

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6. 结　论

匹配理论不仅得出了一般情形时输出功率与间隙电压等参量的关系式，而且可以得出匹配情形时(输出波导内反射波为零)的输出功率与间隙电压等参量的关系式，以及匹配情形时的工作频率和输出腔的谐振频率两者之间关系式和有载品质因数的表达式。根据这两个表达式就可以计算出输出腔的谐振频率和外观品质因数，这两个参数可以作为输出腔的设计依据。匹配情形时从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的输出功率的计算结果与经典理论的计算结果近似相等。

图 1 SuperKEKB Yb/Nd驱动激光系统^[15]

Figure 1. SuperKEKB Yb/Nd drive laser system^[15]

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图 2 FLASH驱动激光系统^[28]

Figure 2. FLASH drive laser system^[28]

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图 3 PULSE结构示意图^[26]

Figure 3. Structure of PULSE^[26]

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图 4 PULSE放大器输出特性^[26]

Figure 4. Output characteristics of PULSE amplifier^[26]

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图 5 PULSE脉冲选择示意图^[26]

Figure 5. Schematic of the pulse picking in PULSE^[26]

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图 6 Cornell ERL驱动激光系统放大器^[19]

Figure 6. Schematic of the rod fiber amplifier in Cornell ERL drive laser system^[19]

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图 7 Cornell ERL驱动激光放大器输出特性^[19]

Figure 7. Output characteristics of the drive laser amplifier at Cornell ERL^[19]

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图 8 Cornell ERL驱动激光绿光输出特性^[19]

Figure 8. Green laser output characteristics of Cornell ERL drive laser system^[19]

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图 9 不同纵向分布对应的切片发射度与电流分布^[54]

Figure 9. Slice emittance of optimized electron bunches for various profiles of photocathode pulses and beam current profiles^[54]

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图 10 FERMI时间整形模块^[58]

Figure 10. UV pulse shaping optical scheme at FERMI^[58]

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图 11 脉冲堆叠前互相关测量脉宽和堆叠后脉宽^[17]

Figure 11. Temporal intensity distribution of the incident laser and the output laser of incoherent stacking^[17]

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图 12 PULSE相干整形模块^[33]

Figure 12. Optical layout of the multiple birefringent crystal shaper used for PULSE^[33]

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图 13 相干整形生成的脉冲实验测量与理论模拟结果^[33]

Figure 13. Results of both the measured and the calculated pulse profiles after the shaper^[33]

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图 14 SwissFEL空间整形与传输系统^[30]

Figure 14. Beam transport and transverse beam profiles along the beam line at SwissFEL^[30]

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图 15 DOE整形前后的光斑图形^[15]

Figure 15. UV laser beam spatial distributions without and with the application of DOE^[15]

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图 16 基于零色散压缩器和SLM的3D整形装置^[65]

Figure 16. Schematic diagram of 3D shaper of laser pulse intensity distribution based on zero-dispersion compressor and SLM^[65]

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图 17 3D整形激光产生的0.5 nC电子束分布^[54]

Figure 17. Distribution of a 0.5 nC electron beam generated by 3D-shaped lasers^[54]

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图 18 CBG的衍射效率与反射率分布^[67]

Figure 18. Diffraction efficiency and reflection coefficient of the 3D CBG aperture^[67]

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图 19 EuXFEL注入器布局图^[16]

Figure 19. Injector building layout at EuXFEL^[16]

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图 20 PULSE相干整形随时间和温度变化的稳定性^[33]

Figure 20. Stability of PULSE multiple birefringent crystal shaper with respect to temporal and temperature variations^[33]

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表 1 典型装置Ⅰ类放大器输出参数

Table 1. Output parameters of class Ⅰ amplifiers in typical facilities

facility	amplifier	center wavelength/nm	pulse energy/mJ	repetition rate/Hz
SXFEL	Ti:sapphire	800.0	10.0	10/50
HALF	Ti:sapphire	800.0	13.0	1～100
TTX	Ti:sapphire	800.0	200.0	10
SAPS	Ti:sapphire	800.0	13.0	1～100
PAL-XFEL	Ti:sapphire	770.0	20.8	120
FERMI	Ti:sapphire	783.0	18.0	50
SwissFEL	Yb:CaF₂	1 041.3	2.4	10
SuperKEKB	Yb-doped fiber/Nd:YAG hybrid	1 064.0	20.0	1～25

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表 2 典型装置Ⅱ类放大器输出参数

Table 2. Output parameters of class Ⅱ amplifiers in typical facilities

facility	amplifier	center wavelength/nm	pulse energy/μJ	repetition rate/MHz
FLASH	Yb-doped fiber/Yb:YAG hybrid	1030	180	1
EuXFEL	Nd:YVO₄	1064	50	0.5/1.13/2.25/4.5
LCLS-II	Yb-doped fiber	1030	50	0～0.929
DC-SRF-II	Yb-doped fiber	1030	20	1
S³FEL	Yb-doped fiber	1030	50	1
SHINE	Yb-doped fiber	1030	150	1

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表 3 典型装置Ⅲ类放大器输出参数

Table 3. Output parameters of class Ⅲ amplifiers in typical facilities

facility	amplifier	center wavelength/nm	average power/W	repetition rate/MHz
Cornell-ERL	Yb-doped fiber	1040	167.0	1300
PAPS	Yb-doped fiber	1030	116.3	81.25/100/1300
KEK-ERL	Yb-doped fiber (solid-state oscillator)	1064	50.0	1300
DC-SRF-II	Yb-doped fiber	1030	99.3	81.25

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表 4 典型装置倍频模块输出参数

Table 4. Output parameters of harmonic generation module in typical facilities

facility	frequency conversion method	crystal	center wavelength/nm	pulse energy	repetition rate
FLASH	FHG	LBO+BBO	257.5	6.1 μJ/11.2 μJ	1 MHz
LCLS-II	FHG	BBO	257.5	300 nJ	0～0.929 MHz
S³FEL	FHG	BBO	257.5	2 μJ	1 MHz
SHINE	FHG	LBO+BBO	257.5	2 μJ	1 MHz
SwissFEL	FHG	BBO	260	600 μJ	10 Hz
EuXFEL	FHG	LBO+BBO	266	5 μJ	4.5 MHz
SuperKEKB	FHG	BBO	266	1 mJ	25 Hz
TTX	THG	BBO	266.7	1 mJ	10 Hz
SXFEL	THG	BBO	266.7	1.2 mJ	10 Hz/50 Hz
HALF	THG	BBO	266.7	2 mJ	1～100 Hz
SAPS	THG	BBO	266.7	2 mJ	1～100 Hz
FERMI	THG	BBO	261	2.3 mJ	50 Hz
DC-SRF-II	SHG	LBO	515	2 μJ/170 nJ	1 MHz/81.25 MHz
Cornell-ERL	SHG	LBO	520	95 nJ	1.3 GHz
KEK-ERL	SHG	LBO	532	0.77 nJ	1.3 GHz
PAPS	SHG	LBO	515	492 nJ	81.25 MHz

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1. 腔体模型
2. 外耦合模型
2.1 有载品质因数Q
2.2 反射微波功率
2.3 输出微波功率
3. 匹配耦合的特殊情形
3.1 输出微波功率
3.2 匹配时的微波频率与有载品质因数
4. 从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的理论与经典理论的比较
5. 输出腔的理论计算与粒子模拟的比较
6. 结　论

1. 腔体模型
2. 外耦合模型
2.1 有载品质因数Q
2.2 反射微波功率
2.3 输出微波功率
3. 匹配耦合的特殊情形
3.1 输出微波功率
3.2 匹配时的微波频率与有载品质因数
4. 从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的理论与经典理论的比较
5. 输出腔的理论计算与粒子模拟的比较
6. 结　论

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高亮度电子源驱动激光研究进展

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202537.240261

作者简介:
石英彤，shiyt@pku.edu.cn

通讯作者:
徐　航，xuhang@pku.edu.cn。

计量

Research progress on high-brightness electron source drive laser system

1. 腔体模型

2. 外耦合模型

2.1 有载品质因数Q

2.2 反射微波功率

2.3 输出微波功率

3. 匹配耦合的特殊情形

3.1 输出微波功率

3.2 匹配时的微波频率与有载品质因数

4. 从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的理论与经典理论的比较

5. 输出腔的理论计算与粒子模拟的比较

6. 结　论

计量

目录

1. 腔体模型

2. 外耦合模型

2.1 有载品质因数Q

2.2 反射微波功率

2.3 输出微波功率

3. 匹配耦合的特殊情形

3.1 输出微波功率

3.2 匹配时的微波频率与有载品质因数

4. 从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的理论与经典理论的比较

5. 输出腔的理论计算与粒子模拟的比较

6. 结　论

留言板

高亮度电子源驱动激光研究进展

doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202537.240261

作者简介: 石英彤，shiyt@pku.edu.cn

通讯作者: 徐 航，xuhang@pku.edu.cn。

计量

出版历程

Research progress on high-brightness electron source drive laser system

1. 腔体模型

2. 外耦合模型

2.1 有载品质因数Q

2.2 反射微波功率

2.3 输出微波功率

3. 匹配耦合的特殊情形

3.1 输出微波功率

3.2 匹配时的微波频率与有载品质因数

4. 从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的理论与经典理论的比较

5. 输出腔的理论计算与粒子模拟的比较

6. 结 论

计量

出版历程

目录

1. 腔体模型

2. 外耦合模型

2.1 有载品质因数Q

2.2 反射微波功率

2.3 输出微波功率

3. 匹配耦合的特殊情形

3.1 输出微波功率

3.2 匹配时的微波频率与有载品质因数

4. 从含有互感的等效电路模型推出的理论与经典理论的比较

5. 输出腔的理论计算与粒子模拟的比较

6. 结 论

作者简介:
石英彤，shiyt@pku.edu.cn

通讯作者:
徐　航，xuhang@pku.edu.cn。

6. 结　论

6. 结　论