Design of a ±5 kV bipolar linear transformer driver and its application in cell electroporation
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摘要: 提出了一种双极性直线型变压器驱动源布局结构，实现了双极性直线型变压器驱动源模块的灵活叠加。通过调节驱动电路的驱动电压来调控金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管的导通时间，精确控制脉冲电压的上升时间。在直线型变压器驱动源结构中引入了磁芯-铜柱一体结构和反向过冲泄放回路，优化了电磁兼容性，减小了脉冲波尾的反向过冲。研制的双极性直线型变压器驱动源在1 kHz的频率下能够稳定输出脉冲宽度为1 μs、幅值为±5 kV的脉冲电压，上升时间从30 ns到100 ns内连续可调。利用研制的双极性直线型变压器驱动源开展了细胞不可逆电穿孔实验。Abstract: This paper proposes a layout structure of the pulsed power generator based on the bipolar linear transformer driver, achieving flexible stacking of the bipolar linear transformer driver modules. The conduction time of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor is regulated by adjusting the voltage of the driver circuit, enabling precise control over the rise time of the pulsed voltage. An integrated core-copper pillar structure and a reverse overshoot discharge circuit are introduced in the linear transformer driver structure, which optimizes the electromagnetic compatibility and reduces the reverse overshoot at the tail of the pulsed waveform. The developed bipolar linear transformer driver device can stably output ±5 kV pulsed voltage with 1 kHz frequency and 1 μs pulse width. The rise time of the pulsed voltage is continuously adjustable from 30 ns to 100 ns. The irreversible electroporation experiments on cells are carried out using the bipolar linear transformer driver.
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Key words:
- linear transformer driver /
- bipolar /
- nanosecond pulse /
- irreversible electroporation
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随着科学技术的发展，核技术具有零碳排放、能源独立、安全等诸多优势，在人类社会中的地位越来越重要。然而，核辐射事故却为核技术发展迅速蒙上了一层阴影。1986年，苏联切尔诺贝利核电站发生了迄今为止人类历史上最严重的核辐射事故[1]。2011年，日本东北海岸发生了里氏9.0级的强烈地震和海啸，造成了福岛第一核电站的1～3号机组反应堆熔毁[2]。由于反应堆内部高温和高辐射等极端环境，人类无法直接进入进行勘察和处置工作，因此在福岛事故中使用了多种类型和功能的机器人。光纤激光器具有高功率、高光束质量，光束可以远距离柔性传输等优点，可以用于无人区开展激光切割救援等工作[3]。比如Shin等人研究了用10 kW光纤激光器拆除核设施的150 mm厚的厚钢板和大型管道的切割性能[4]。当然，光纤激光器在辐射环境中也会受到影响[5]，高能射线会导致增益光纤产生色心等各类缺陷，这些缺陷引起的额外光吸收增加了传输损耗，降低了光纤激光器性能。
课题组基于光纤激光器存在的自漂白效应，利用60CO辐照源探索不同辐照剂量率下的光纤激光器暗化与自漂白的平衡关系。实验先采用低功率光纤振荡器进行不同辐照剂量率下激光器输出功率演化和去辐照后自漂白研究。使用的光纤激光振荡器实验结构如图1所示，谐振腔由常规商业掺镱光纤（YDF）、高反射光纤光栅（HR-FBG）、低反射光纤光栅（OC-FBG）构成，中心波长为976 nm的泵浦源（LDs）通过前向（2+1）×1泵浦信号合束器（FPSC）注入到谐振腔中，激光经过包层光滤除器（CLS）后由光纤端帽（QBH）扩束输出。
首先，利用较高辐照剂量率研究在去辐照后的自漂白效应，结果如图2（a）所示。图2（a）的(I)为未辐照阶段，持续时间为680 s，由于水冷机周期性制冷使得功率计温度周期变化导致测试激光功率也存在周期变化，激光器功率起伏为1.44%；需要注意的是，这个是主要功率测量误差导致，并不是激光器本身功率起伏。图2（a）中(II)为辐照阶段，在总辐照时间298 s内，辐照总剂量为14 900 rad，激光器输出功率从150 W下降至105 W。图2（a）的(III)为去辐照后的自漂白阶段，在光纤激光器的泵浦光子与热效应的共同作用下，激光器输出功率从118 W恢复di至145 W，与初始功率相差仅5 W，表明自漂白效应可以较为有效地恢复由于辐照导致的激光功率下降。
图 2 光纤激光器在辐照环境下的输出特性Figure 2. Output characteristics of the optical fiber laser in an irradiated environment然后，为了探索不同剂量率的自漂白与在线辐照相互作用是否可以达到平衡，开展了不同剂量率的对比研究，结果如图2（b）所示。图2（b）中，总辐照剂量为2 400 rad，红色、蓝色曲线分别对应辐照剂量率为50 rad/s、1 rad/s时激光器归一化输出功率演化情况；在辐照剂量率为50 rad/s时，激光输出功率下降了3%；在辐照剂量率1 rad/s时，功率起伏1.22%，考虑到这里的周期性起伏主要由于水冷机周期性制冷导致，可以认为在低辐照剂量率下，光纤激光器自漂白导致的功率提升与辐照导致的功率下降基本达到平衡。
进一步地，基于图2（b）的实验结果，我们验证了1 kW级光纤激光器中自漂白与辐照平衡的实验现象。在辐照剂量率为0.1 rad/s时，激光器输出激光功率曲线演化如图2（c）所示。从实测功率曲线来看，在总辐照剂量为190 rad的整个辐照过程中，光纤激光器的输出功率都稳定在1 050 W以上，即使考虑前述由于水冷机导致的功率变化，激光器的功率起伏在1.79%以内。如果不考虑水冷机周期性制冷影响，激光器的功率起伏在0.66%以内。
实验首次验证了在一定辐照剂量率下，光纤激光器自漂白效应导致的激光功率提升可以平衡辐照效应导致的功率下降，为相关场景应用的光纤激光器设计提供了有效支撑。后续，我们将继续深入相关研究，探索不同类别、不同结构激光器辐照与自漂白平衡的机理、阈值和可能的应用。
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图 4 磁芯-铜柱一体结构
Figure 4. Core-copper pillar monolithic structure
(a) partial connection simulation results (b) full connection simulation results (c) schematic diagram; (d) real product picture
图 5 主电路和泄放电路的示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the main circuit and discharge circuit
图 7 不同驱动电压下的正极性脉冲电压波形
Figure 7. Positive polarity output waveforms under different drive voltages
图 8 有无泄放回路的正极性输出波形图
Figure 8. Positive polarity output waveforms with and without a discharge circuit
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