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RSS2003 Vol. 15, No. 07
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2003,
15.
Abstract:
A 40kV/20kW switchingmode pulse forming network (PFN) charging power supply was developed by constantcurrent, seriesresonant and softswitching techniques. High pulse to pulse repeatability was achieved even under the condition of high repetition rate and small PFN capacitance. The power supply also featured in high efficiency, small size and the ability of being used in parallel mode. The techniques can be applied to injection/extraction system of circular accelerators, klystron modulators in Linasc and radar transmission. Design of the power supply and PFN charging and discharging experiments are presented in the paper.
A 40kV/20kW switchingmode pulse forming network (PFN) charging power supply was developed by constantcurrent, seriesresonant and softswitching techniques. High pulse to pulse repeatability was achieved even under the condition of high repetition rate and small PFN capacitance. The power supply also featured in high efficiency, small size and the ability of being used in parallel mode. The techniques can be applied to injection/extraction system of circular accelerators, klystron modulators in Linasc and radar transmission. Design of the power supply and PFN charging and discharging experiments are presented in the paper.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
A one-dimension temperature and stress model is proposed based on the beam-target interaction process and thermal-elastic theory for the intense pulsed electron beam treatment. The temperature and stress profiles are derived by the numerical simulation. According to the simulation, the melted layer is about 2000nm in depth, the rate of rapid heating and cooling reaches 108～109 K/s, the amplitude of quasi-static thermal stress is about several hundreds MＰa, the vibratory frequency of thermal stress wave is about 10-6~108Hz. The simulation explains satisfactorily the observed experimental phenomena as the surface melting depth and the depth distribution of microhardness.
A one-dimension temperature and stress model is proposed based on the beam-target interaction process and thermal-elastic theory for the intense pulsed electron beam treatment. The temperature and stress profiles are derived by the numerical simulation. According to the simulation, the melted layer is about 2000nm in depth, the rate of rapid heating and cooling reaches 108～109 K/s, the amplitude of quasi-static thermal stress is about several hundreds MＰa, the vibratory frequency of thermal stress wave is about 10-6~108Hz. The simulation explains satisfactorily the observed experimental phenomena as the surface melting depth and the depth distribution of microhardness.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
Lie algebraic methods are used in the analysis of nonlinear transport of charged particle beams in dipole magnets. Space charge forces are included. The particle distribution used is of KV type. Second order terms of particle rays are obtained, and higher orders could be approached if necessary.
Lie algebraic methods are used in the analysis of nonlinear transport of charged particle beams in dipole magnets. Space charge forces are included. The particle distribution used is of KV type. Second order terms of particle rays are obtained, and higher orders could be approached if necessary.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
Two kinds scintillation detectors are composed of cerium fluoride (CeF3) and ST401 with photomultiplier tube respectively, the experimental sample of CeF3 is the newly developed inorganic scintillator in China in recent years, ST401 is a common plastic organic scintillator. The DD neutron relative sensitivity of the two scintillation detectors are measured in DD neutrons source radiation field, which indicate that the DD neutron sensitivity of CeF3 scintillation detector is less than onetenth that of ST401 with same volume.
Two kinds scintillation detectors are composed of cerium fluoride (CeF3) and ST401 with photomultiplier tube respectively, the experimental sample of CeF3 is the newly developed inorganic scintillator in China in recent years, ST401 is a common plastic organic scintillator. The DD neutron relative sensitivity of the two scintillation detectors are measured in DD neutrons source radiation field, which indicate that the DD neutron sensitivity of CeF3 scintillation detector is less than onetenth that of ST401 with same volume.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
Energy variation in pulsed electron beam could result in corkscrew motion of the beam centroid in linear induction accelerator, therefore enlarge and distort the spot size of the accelerator. The method using Cerenkov radiation produced by the electrons passing through the quartz to measure the time resolved energy spectrum is described in this paper. The time resolved energy spectrum diagnostics has been carried out for the pulsed intense electron beam of 2MeV injector at Institute of Fluid Physics of CAEP. Comparison of the experimental results between time resolved energy spectra and diode voltage waveforms are given and analysed. The measured energy is about 2.2MeV， the maximum energy variation in 60ns is 4%。
Energy variation in pulsed electron beam could result in corkscrew motion of the beam centroid in linear induction accelerator, therefore enlarge and distort the spot size of the accelerator. The method using Cerenkov radiation produced by the electrons passing through the quartz to measure the time resolved energy spectrum is described in this paper. The time resolved energy spectrum diagnostics has been carried out for the pulsed intense electron beam of 2MeV injector at Institute of Fluid Physics of CAEP. Comparison of the experimental results between time resolved energy spectra and diode voltage waveforms are given and analysed. The measured energy is about 2.2MeV， the maximum energy variation in 60ns is 4%。
2003,
15.
Abstract:
The gas switch is one of the commonly employed parts in accelerators. The pre-pulse gas switches in Qiangguang-I is studied in this paper. The parameters of the gas switches are calculated, and the characteristics of switches under constant voltage are obtained through calculation and experiments, on the basis of which the switch gap and pressure are determined to eliminate the pre-pulse voltage to the diode. Both the simulation waveforms and experimental waveforms are shown finally.
The gas switch is one of the commonly employed parts in accelerators. The pre-pulse gas switches in Qiangguang-I is studied in this paper. The parameters of the gas switches are calculated, and the characteristics of switches under constant voltage are obtained through calculation and experiments, on the basis of which the switch gap and pressure are determined to eliminate the pre-pulse voltage to the diode. Both the simulation waveforms and experimental waveforms are shown finally.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
This paper reported the design and experimental results of a 200kV laser triggered multistage and multichannel switch. When a quadruple Nd:YAG laser set was used as a trigger source, it was found that the delay decreased exponentially as the charging voltage, pressure or the energy of laser pulse increased when N2 was filled in gaps. The delay increased as the density of SF6N2 mixtures increased and as the focal length of lens increased for N2, but it is not obvious for SF6N2 mixture. The discharging phenomenon of multichannel was observed.
This paper reported the design and experimental results of a 200kV laser triggered multistage and multichannel switch. When a quadruple Nd:YAG laser set was used as a trigger source, it was found that the delay decreased exponentially as the charging voltage, pressure or the energy of laser pulse increased when N2 was filled in gaps. The delay increased as the density of SF6N2 mixtures increased and as the focal length of lens increased for N2, but it is not obvious for SF6N2 mixture. The discharging phenomenon of multichannel was observed.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
Suppose only the focussing and the Coulomb force act on an ion, where the focussing force is linear and the Coulomb force is nonlinear. When the two forces are balanced, the critical spacing between ions can be obtained. In this paper the radiation energy loss and the cooling of the onedimensional crystallization beam are discussed. The coherent transverse equation of particle motion has been reduced to Duffing equation with the hardspring properties in the frame of Newton mechanics. This nonlinear equation has been solved exactly by a Jacobian elliptical function, and the motion period of a particle has been expressed exactly by the firstkind complete elliptical integral. The energy loss and the beam cooling by the electromagnetic radiation of a charged particle in a storage r
Suppose only the focussing and the Coulomb force act on an ion, where the focussing force is linear and the Coulomb force is nonlinear. When the two forces are balanced, the critical spacing between ions can be obtained. In this paper the radiation energy loss and the cooling of the onedimensional crystallization beam are discussed. The coherent transverse equation of particle motion has been reduced to Duffing equation with the hardspring properties in the frame of Newton mechanics. This nonlinear equation has been solved exactly by a Jacobian elliptical function, and the motion period of a particle has been expressed exactly by the firstkind complete elliptical integral. The energy loss and the beam cooling by the electromagnetic radiation of a charged particle in a storage r
2003,
15.
Abstract:
The 600keV Ne+ ion irradiation and insitu TEM observation were performed in a Zircaloy 4 using the HVEMTandem Facility at 350℃, and the ion flux was 2.5×1012cm-2·s-1. The structural damage upon irradiation was monitored by the selected area electron diffraction patterns (SAED) under insitu TEM observations. The amorphization transformation was determined by the disappearance of all diffraction maxima in the SAED patterns and microstructural contrast. The results show that in situ 600keV Ne irradiation at 350℃, stacking fault contrast starts fading up to 0.2dpa, and disappears basically up to 0.4dpa, and the disorder of Zr(Cr,Fe)2 precipitate happens at the same time. The Zr(Cr,Fe)2 precipitate becomes amorphous at a dose of about 2.7dpa.
The 600keV Ne+ ion irradiation and insitu TEM observation were performed in a Zircaloy 4 using the HVEMTandem Facility at 350℃, and the ion flux was 2.5×1012cm-2·s-1. The structural damage upon irradiation was monitored by the selected area electron diffraction patterns (SAED) under insitu TEM observations. The amorphization transformation was determined by the disappearance of all diffraction maxima in the SAED patterns and microstructural contrast. The results show that in situ 600keV Ne irradiation at 350℃, stacking fault contrast starts fading up to 0.2dpa, and disappears basically up to 0.4dpa, and the disorder of Zr(Cr,Fe)2 precipitate happens at the same time. The Zr(Cr,Fe)2 precipitate becomes amorphous at a dose of about 2.7dpa.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
In an optical system, “cat eye effect” can be modeled as a focus lens system. Based on the model and Fourier transform, when a system has some optoelectrical devices and illuminated by one laser beam, the laser beam will be reflected from the system along incident direction as a result of “cat eye effect”. The experimental proof is made by the detection of laser power backscattered from the optosensitive material, such as CCD. The experiments show that “cat eye effect” surely exists in the optoelectrical detectors. With “cat eye effect”, the target with optoelectrial detectors could be detected and classified. In the experiment, the ratio of the laser power reflected from the CCD detector surface and the input laser power is about 4%. Though the experiments are simple and its d
In an optical system, “cat eye effect” can be modeled as a focus lens system. Based on the model and Fourier transform, when a system has some optoelectrical devices and illuminated by one laser beam, the laser beam will be reflected from the system along incident direction as a result of “cat eye effect”. The experimental proof is made by the detection of laser power backscattered from the optosensitive material, such as CCD. The experiments show that “cat eye effect” surely exists in the optoelectrical detectors. With “cat eye effect”, the target with optoelectrial detectors could be detected and classified. In the experiment, the ratio of the laser power reflected from the CCD detector surface and the input laser power is about 4%. Though the experiments are simple and its d
2003,
15.
Abstract:
A flat-field spectrograph with a toroidal mirror at 747.4 mm incident distance was designed that can provide 30～50nm flat field and better space resolution. XUV spectrum from a hollow cathode gaseous discharge source filled with He gas was measured using this flatfield spectrograph. The spectrograph system can produce a space-resolved spectral images with spectral resolution of 0.001 around 30nm with 0.1mm the incident slit. The spectrograph system will be used to detect the XUV emission from capillary discharge plasma.
A flat-field spectrograph with a toroidal mirror at 747.4 mm incident distance was designed that can provide 30～50nm flat field and better space resolution. XUV spectrum from a hollow cathode gaseous discharge source filled with He gas was measured using this flatfield spectrograph. The spectrograph system can produce a space-resolved spectral images with spectral resolution of 0.001 around 30nm with 0.1mm the incident slit. The spectrograph system will be used to detect the XUV emission from capillary discharge plasma.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
The technique to fabricate a doublelayer broadband antireflective (AR) film by sol-gel spin-coating process for high power lasers was investigated. The double-layer film was composed of a single SiO2 AR coating with reflective index about 13 and silicone coating with reflective index about 1.4. The experimental result showed, when the physical thickness of silicone film and SiO2 AR film were 112nm and 125nm respectively, the doublelayer AR film can be developed with transmission greater than 99% at the waveband range from 430nm to 800nm, which can meet the optical quality of shield glass for the prototype of ShenguangIII facility.
The technique to fabricate a doublelayer broadband antireflective (AR) film by sol-gel spin-coating process for high power lasers was investigated. The double-layer film was composed of a single SiO2 AR coating with reflective index about 13 and silicone coating with reflective index about 1.4. The experimental result showed, when the physical thickness of silicone film and SiO2 AR film were 112nm and 125nm respectively, the doublelayer AR film can be developed with transmission greater than 99% at the waveband range from 430nm to 800nm, which can meet the optical quality of shield glass for the prototype of ShenguangIII facility.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
In this paper the frequency analysis is employed to investigate the image reconstruction process using circular interfering fringes. An experiment is used to demonstrate the reconstruction process and the reconstructed image of a twodimension object is reported. The technique of laser interferometric imaging takes advantage of the relative motion between the fringes（formed with laser） and the object to obtain the image information of the object. For the case of the laser interferometric imaging in which the circular fringes is adopted, it is often described with the principle of holography.
In this paper the frequency analysis is employed to investigate the image reconstruction process using circular interfering fringes. An experiment is used to demonstrate the reconstruction process and the reconstructed image of a twodimension object is reported. The technique of laser interferometric imaging takes advantage of the relative motion between the fringes（formed with laser） and the object to obtain the image information of the object. For the case of the laser interferometric imaging in which the circular fringes is adopted, it is often described with the principle of holography.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
A spontaneous Raman scatting system was used to measure the O２（a１Δ）yield of singlet oxygen generator for chemical oxygen iodine laser. Many common experimental problems, such as fluctuations in laser power, dirty windows, and misalignment, can be ratioed out because of monitoring in the same measurement volume. Present the results from the tests that conducted on 0.1mol/s jettype singlet oxygen generator. The error in the yield measurement is less than 8%.
A spontaneous Raman scatting system was used to measure the O２（a１Δ）yield of singlet oxygen generator for chemical oxygen iodine laser. Many common experimental problems, such as fluctuations in laser power, dirty windows, and misalignment, can be ratioed out because of monitoring in the same measurement volume. Present the results from the tests that conducted on 0.1mol/s jettype singlet oxygen generator. The error in the yield measurement is less than 8%.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
This paper presents the principles and the experiment details of planar laser induced fluorescence(PLIF). With a tunable OPO laser, the fluorescence images of NO were got in a methaneair flame and high energy fuel flame at different time and different pressure. The paper also analyzes the structures of the spectrum and discusses experimental results.
This paper presents the principles and the experiment details of planar laser induced fluorescence(PLIF). With a tunable OPO laser, the fluorescence images of NO were got in a methaneair flame and high energy fuel flame at different time and different pressure. The paper also analyzes the structures of the spectrum and discusses experimental results.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
The secondary mass flowrate of the HYLTE nozzle in DF/HF chemical lasers was numerically and theoretically calculated, the mass flowrate coefficients of D2，H2 and He with 0.01~0.4MPa stagnation pressure and 0.1~0.9mm height of the half throat are obtained. The changerules of mass flowrate coefficient with stagnation pressure and half throat's height were got, the functions deduced from these rules were of satisfactory preciseion. As a result, some suggestions are presented on the design and maintenance of secondary nozzle.
The secondary mass flowrate of the HYLTE nozzle in DF/HF chemical lasers was numerically and theoretically calculated, the mass flowrate coefficients of D2，H2 and He with 0.01~0.4MPa stagnation pressure and 0.1~0.9mm height of the half throat are obtained. The changerules of mass flowrate coefficient with stagnation pressure and half throat's height were got, the functions deduced from these rules were of satisfactory preciseion. As a result, some suggestions are presented on the design and maintenance of secondary nozzle.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
Recursion formula of the reflection coefficient of a multilayer dielectric coating has been deduced by employing the equivalent cavity model, based on the principle of multibeam interference. Using this formula, the paper shows that, around the central frequency of the coating, the complex reflection coefficient can be expressed as the product of the reflection coefficient for the central frequency and a phase factor. Further, the expressions for the phase and reflection delays have also been derived.
Recursion formula of the reflection coefficient of a multilayer dielectric coating has been deduced by employing the equivalent cavity model, based on the principle of multibeam interference. Using this formula, the paper shows that, around the central frequency of the coating, the complex reflection coefficient can be expressed as the product of the reflection coefficient for the central frequency and a phase factor. Further, the expressions for the phase and reflection delays have also been derived.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
Polystyrene composite shells doped with aluminum oxide used for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments were fabricated with emulsion techniques. Three different phases of solution(W1,O,W2) were adopted for the fabrication process. The W1 phase (water) was mixed with a 3wt% Al2O3PS solution in benzenedichloromethane (O phase ) while stirring. The mixed emulsion (W1/O) was then poured into a 5wt% aqueous PVA solution (W2 phase). Benzene and dichloromethane were evaporated from the resultant emulsion (W1/O/W2), and thus solid Al2O3PS composite shells were formed. Parameters of the typical hollow pellets fit in with the requirement of ICF experiments.
Polystyrene composite shells doped with aluminum oxide used for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments were fabricated with emulsion techniques. Three different phases of solution(W1,O,W2) were adopted for the fabrication process. The W1 phase (water) was mixed with a 3wt% Al2O3PS solution in benzenedichloromethane (O phase ) while stirring. The mixed emulsion (W1/O) was then poured into a 5wt% aqueous PVA solution (W2 phase). Benzene and dichloromethane were evaporated from the resultant emulsion (W1/O/W2), and thus solid Al2O3PS composite shells were formed. Parameters of the typical hollow pellets fit in with the requirement of ICF experiments.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
Capillary discharge plasma is a new type of high pulsed energy particle source which is recently developed. Plasma jets with high temperature, high density and hypervelocity can be produced by high voltage discharge between two electrodes of a capillary. It can be used for projection of microparticle, acceleration of powder material and ignition and heating of chemical propellant. Such a technique has wide applications in industry, science and national defense. This paper presents the basic theory and characteristics of capillary plasma jets and introduced the research status quo and its applications so that this technology can be paid attention to by people and developed in our country.
Capillary discharge plasma is a new type of high pulsed energy particle source which is recently developed. Plasma jets with high temperature, high density and hypervelocity can be produced by high voltage discharge between two electrodes of a capillary. It can be used for projection of microparticle, acceleration of powder material and ignition and heating of chemical propellant. Such a technique has wide applications in industry, science and national defense. This paper presents the basic theory and characteristics of capillary plasma jets and introduced the research status quo and its applications so that this technology can be paid attention to by people and developed in our country.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
This paper presents a twodimensional threetemperature physical model of Zpinch plasmas and its numerical methods. A twodimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamics code called Zpinch2DDG is developed, which numerically simulates Kr gaspuff plasma implosion based up on the real experimental parameters on the Qiang Guang1 generator. The evolutional pictures of the plasma density and temperature are given, and Xray radiation is analyzed physically. As a result, some universal conclusions about gaspuff implosion are summarized.
This paper presents a twodimensional threetemperature physical model of Zpinch plasmas and its numerical methods. A twodimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamics code called Zpinch2DDG is developed, which numerically simulates Kr gaspuff plasma implosion based up on the real experimental parameters on the Qiang Guang1 generator. The evolutional pictures of the plasma density and temperature are given, and Xray radiation is analyzed physically. As a result, some universal conclusions about gaspuff implosion are summarized.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
The computer simulation from cold cavity to hot cavity of Hughes coupled cavity slowwave structure is depicted used by MAFIA. Cold cavity simulation result is compared with theoretical and experimental ones. The average error of dispersion is 0.02% and the average error of interaction impedance is 5%. So the simulation result is more consistent with experiment result than theory result. It may satisfy design precision requirement. Loaded in three dimension particleincell module in cold cavity simulation, the beamwave interaction simulation is done using by MAFIA software. The mechanism of beamwave interaction is qualitatively analyzed by software simulation.
The computer simulation from cold cavity to hot cavity of Hughes coupled cavity slowwave structure is depicted used by MAFIA. Cold cavity simulation result is compared with theoretical and experimental ones. The average error of dispersion is 0.02% and the average error of interaction impedance is 5%. So the simulation result is more consistent with experiment result than theory result. It may satisfy design precision requirement. Loaded in three dimension particleincell module in cold cavity simulation, the beamwave interaction simulation is done using by MAFIA software. The mechanism of beamwave interaction is qualitatively analyzed by software simulation.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
A 30 GHz RF pulse compressor is designed using MSLED-II principle to obtain 150ns long 100MW RF pulse. HHybrid，ＴＥ口１０ＴＥo０１mode converter and other RF components are designed using new principle. There are not any tuning post, capacitive iris, sharp corners in the components designed to avoid sparking under high power level. HFSS code has been extensively used in the RF components design.
A 30 GHz RF pulse compressor is designed using MSLED-II principle to obtain 150ns long 100MW RF pulse. HHybrid，ＴＥ口１０ＴＥo０１mode converter and other RF components are designed using new principle. There are not any tuning post, capacitive iris, sharp corners in the components designed to avoid sparking under high power level. HFSS code has been extensively used in the RF components design.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
The principle and method of using antenna array to diagnose the mode distribution, which is used in the experiment of high power microwave radiation of half reflected over mode circular cavity vircator, is introduced. Diagnosis of the modes is very useful to understand the vircator and enhance the output microwave power and the efficiency of the device. The small electric antenna and small magnetic antenna on the surface of circular waveguide are also used to diagnose the modes, which are combined in the antenna array to diagnose the space distribution of the radiation of the open end of over mode circular waveguide. The least square optimization formula is used to fit the mode distribution to the space distribution data. The power distribution of the mix modes of the vircator microwave so
The principle and method of using antenna array to diagnose the mode distribution, which is used in the experiment of high power microwave radiation of half reflected over mode circular cavity vircator, is introduced. Diagnosis of the modes is very useful to understand the vircator and enhance the output microwave power and the efficiency of the device. The small electric antenna and small magnetic antenna on the surface of circular waveguide are also used to diagnose the modes, which are combined in the antenna array to diagnose the space distribution of the radiation of the open end of over mode circular waveguide. The least square optimization formula is used to fit the mode distribution to the space distribution data. The power distribution of the mix modes of the vircator microwave so
2003,
15.
Abstract:
The electromagnetic field above ground produced by an incident highaltitude electromagnetic pulse plane wave striking the ground plane was described in this paper in terms of the Fresnel reflection coefficients and the numerical FFT. The pulse reflected from the ground plane always cancel the incident field for the horizortal field component, but the reflected field adds to the incident for the vertical field component. The results of several cases for variations in the observation height, angle of incidence and lossy ground electrical parameters were also presented showing different efield components above the earth.
The electromagnetic field above ground produced by an incident highaltitude electromagnetic pulse plane wave striking the ground plane was described in this paper in terms of the Fresnel reflection coefficients and the numerical FFT. The pulse reflected from the ground plane always cancel the incident field for the horizortal field component, but the reflected field adds to the incident for the vertical field component. The results of several cases for variations in the observation height, angle of incidence and lossy ground electrical parameters were also presented showing different efield components above the earth.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
Based on the origin of prepulse, the prepulse effects on the relativistic magnetorn were analysed. The prepulse effects mainly include three aspects: making the voltage waveform changed, advancing the production of plasma, and enhancing the mode competition. Those effects will finally limit the characteristics of the relativistic magnetron. Linking with the experiments, the relations of those factors were discussed in detail.
Based on the origin of prepulse, the prepulse effects on the relativistic magnetorn were analysed. The prepulse effects mainly include three aspects: making the voltage waveform changed, advancing the production of plasma, and enhancing the mode competition. Those effects will finally limit the characteristics of the relativistic magnetron. Linking with the experiments, the relations of those factors were discussed in detail.
2003,
15.
Abstract:
this paper, the basic principle of the timefrequency(TF) analysis, including wavelet transform, is depicted briefly. It's application on UWB scattering signal is introduced in detail also. Through the processing of UWB scattering signal from tested target with the aid of the TF analysis, the signature of the target can be gotten easily so that the detection and discrimination of the target might be improved. In the work, the measurement of scattering signal was made for some simple shaped metal targets which was in air or hidden in some kinds of soil and leaves using picosecond pulse generator (PPG) in the form of bistation configuration, and the experimental data was processed with pseudo Wigner distribution and Mayer wavelet transform. The analytical results prove the superiority
this paper, the basic principle of the timefrequency(TF) analysis, including wavelet transform, is depicted briefly. It's application on UWB scattering signal is introduced in detail also. Through the processing of UWB scattering signal from tested target with the aid of the TF analysis, the signature of the target can be gotten easily so that the detection and discrimination of the target might be improved. In the work, the measurement of scattering signal was made for some simple shaped metal targets which was in air or hidden in some kinds of soil and leaves using picosecond pulse generator (PPG) in the form of bistation configuration, and the experimental data was processed with pseudo Wigner distribution and Mayer wavelet transform. The analytical results prove the superiority
