The general mechanism of light transmission loss in optical fiber and the effects of optical fiber under γ-ray radiation environment are introduced. In order to measure the pulse γ-ray radiation-induced loss, an experimental measurement system is developed. Two kinds of pulse γ-ray devices with an average photon energy of 0.3 MeV, a pulse width of 25 ns, a dose rate of 2.03×107 Gy·s-1 and an average photon energy of 1.0 MeV, a pulse width of 25 ns, a dose rate of 5.32×109 Gy·s-1 are employed as irradiation sources in the experiment. The transient radiation-induced loss of pulsed γ-ray effecting on single-mode and multi-mode optical fibers has been measured. Optical fiber transmission systems with several different wavelength lasers such a