State of the art and future prospective of high performance streak cameras for laser fusion
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摘要: 条纹相机（包括X射线条纹相机和可见光光学条纹相机）是一种高时空分辨的诊断设备，在激光惯性约束聚变（ICF）物理实验研究中具有非常重要的应用。介绍了当今国内外激光聚变领域获得广泛应用的两种主要类型条纹相机的技术性能以及各自的技术特点，它们分别采用了同轴电极双聚焦电子光学扫描变像管和双板电极电子光学扫描管。在技术指标方面，重点论述了条纹相机动态范围的判据，分析了激光聚变实验对条纹相机动态范围的需求，介绍了当今国际上高性能条纹相机动态范围指标的现状。文章也介绍了和条纹相机发展应用相关的几项重要技术进展，这些进展包括先进光时标、抗辐射加固记录系统和抑制相机背景噪声的阴极选通技术。Abstract: The streak cameras have very important applications in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), including x-ray streak cameras and optical streak cameras. At present, they are still the core diagnostic devices with the highest temporal resolution in this field. This paper introduces the performance and characteristics of two main types of the streak cameras widely used in the field of laser fusion both domestic and international. They are equipped with coaxial electrode double-focus electron optics streak tube and bilamellar electron optics streak tube respectively. In terms of specifications of streak camera, the criteria of dynamic range of streak camera are emphasized, the dynamic range data of today's international high performance streak cameras are presented. The paper also introduces several important research progresses in the development of streak camera technologies, including advanced backlighting ultraviolet fiducial system, neutron radiation tolerant device and gated cathode technology.
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Key words:
- laser fusion /
- streak camera /
- streak tube /
- radiation tolerant /
- CMOS device /
- gated cathode
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图 1 同轴电极双聚焦扫描管电子光学仿真图
Figure 1. Electron optics simulation map of coaxial electrode double-focus streak tube
图 3 激光聚变研究中心基于同轴电极双聚焦扫描管的气室型X射线条纹相机设计
Figure 3. LFRC’s present design of X-ray streak camera based on coaxial electrode double-focus streak tube inserted inside an air box
图 4 同轴电极双聚焦扫描管空间分辨率测试结果
Figure 4. Tested resolution of coaxial electrode double-focus streak tube
图 6 双板电极电子光学扫描管仿真图和空间分辨率测试图
Figure 6. Electron optics simulation image of bilamellar streak tube showing the spatial resolution
图 8 阴极上的微点信号位置（沿时间轴）和强度计数关系曲线
Figure 8. Curves for signal position on the cathode vs CCD count
图 9 有效阴极宽度和阴栅场强呈反比关系
Figure 9. Width of the collection surface as a function of the inverse of the extracting field
图 10 同轴电极扫描管对宽阴极的静态聚焦图像
Figure 10. Static focused image of coaxial electrode double-focus streak tube
图 12 双阴极双板电极扫描管电子光学仿真和空间分辨率测试图像
Figure 12. Electron optics simulation map of double-cathode bilamellar streak tube and resolution chart
图 14 紫外光纤将351 nm时标传输至双板电极扫描管阴极俯视图
Figure 14. Section view of bilamellar streak tube with 3ω backlighting ultraviolet fiducial
图 18 触发脉冲、高压门脉冲和光信号脉冲时序关系
Figure 18. Temporal relations between trigger pulse，gating pulse and optical signal pulse
表 1 同轴电极扫描管X射线条纹相机技术指标
Table 1. Performance of X-ray streak camera based on coaxial cylinder electrode steak tube
calibration test Xsc1* of LFRC （coaxial cylinder electrode） notes temporal resolution 0.5% of full screen streak time 100 μm slit width before cathode spatial resolution/（lp·mm−1） 20 @10%CTF in the center of the cathode dynamic range （5 ns sweep） ～200∶1 variation of 20% of the measured temporal FWHM effective cathode length/mm 30 5 lp/mm@10%CTF at the edge of the cathode magnification 1.26 cathode high voltage at 12 kV *Xsc1: X-ray streak camera 1 
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表 2 双板电极扫描管X射线条纹相机技术指标
Table 2. Performance of X-ray streak camera based on bilamellar electron-optical steak tube
calibration test Xsc2* for LFRC（bilamellar electron-optical system） notes temporal resolution 0.35% of full screen streak time 1 mm slit width before cathode spatial resolution/（lp·mm−1） 30 @10%CTF in the center of the cathode dynamic range（5 ns sweep） ～200∶1 variation of 20% of the measured temporal FWHM effective cathode length/mm 22 10 lp/mm@10%CTF at the edge of the cathode magnification 1.62 cathode high voltage at 12 kV *Xsc2: X-ray streak camera 2
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